10/24/2017. Medial Temporal Lobes. Autobiographical Memory. Episodic and Semantic Memory. Arlo Clark-Foos, Ph.D.

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1 Medial Temporal Lobes Henry Molaison (HM) ( ) Arlo Clark-Foos, Ph.D. Consequences of bilateral removal Episodic and Semantic Memory Endel Tulving on Declarative (Explicit) Memories Autobiographical Memory Is it episodic memory? Episodic Memory Conscious recollection of specific past events ; Spatial and temporal context Contrasted with Semantic Memory Accumulated knowledge that is not tied to any particular event, time, or place, but is also subject to conscious recollection Flexibility Remembering vs. Knowing Rate of Acquisition Latin for Arch Diary Studies (e.g., Linton, 1975): 5,500 events Memory for unique and emotional events Preferential recording? Brewer s (1988) Pager study Childhood amnesia Reminiscence bump 1

2 Tulving Chickens and Eggs Episodic depends on semantic Bransford & Johnson (1972) Conway/Rajaram Episodic to semantic shift Verfaellie/Neath Interdependent Speaking of Chickens Episodic-like memory in nonhumans? What-where-when (Crystal, 2010) Is this episodic or semantic? Encoding Mere exposure BBC Radio announcement (Bekerian & Baddeley, 1980) Memory for everyday events Encoding Levels of Processing (AKA Depth of Processing) Connections to existing memories Bransford & Johnson (1972) again. Craik & Tulving (1975) Rogers, Kuiper, & Kirker (1977) Nairne, Thompson, & Pandeirada (2007) LOP Recall 2

3 Problems with LOP Context Dependent Memory Vague Encoding Specificity Godden & Baddeley (1975) Testing Bias & Transfer Appropriate Processing Morris, Bransford, & Franks (1977) Transfer Appropriate Processing Marsh s bet Studying for Exams Advice from How High and Eich et al. (1975) Testing Memory Testing Effects Free Recall What is the Latin word for arch? Cued Recall What is the Latin word for arch? F Recognition What is the Latin word for arch? A. fenestra B. fornix C. fundus Why? Mere exposure sucks TAP Desirable difficulties (Soderstrom & Bjork, 2015) 3

4 Memory Failures Memory Failures Passive vs. Directed Forgetting Interference Memory Failures Reality/Source Monitoring DRM Paradigm (Deese, 1959; Roediger & McDermott, 1995) Theme Words DRM again Loftus & Pickrell (1995) Wade et al. (2002) Memory Failures Schizophrenia Slate (online magazine) Cryptomnesia Innocence Project 4

5 Making Lasting Memory Know Thyself Consolidation and reconsolidation W. Estes s perturbation model Metamemory Tip-of-the-tongue Electroconvulsive shock and ECT Vulnerability of new and recently accessed memories Feelings of Knowing Judgments of Learning STUDY TEST 1 TEST 2 40 WORD PAIRS PAIRED- ASSOCIATES TEST GENDER TEST transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tdcs) Temporarily increases excitability, increases recall IV: Instructions to learn Gender RTs to DK response Semantic Memory Sensory vs. Association Cortices Specificity of Encoding Peanut vs. Banana (Thorpe, Rolls, & Maddison, 1983) Steve Carell, Whoopie Goldberg, and Bill Clinton Quiroga et al. (2005) THE BRAIN 5

6 Semantic Memory Medial Temporal Lobes Extrastriate Body Area (EBA) Right lateral occitpital cortex (Downing et al., 2001) H.M. (surgery) & E.P. (viral encephalitis) Anterograde vs. Retrograde Amnesia Necessity of Hippocampus to Semantic memory? Moderate vs. Severe damage to MTL Including damage to parahippocampal and perirhinal Categorization using a prototype (Reed et al., 1999) Observing Hippocampi in Action Subsequent Memory Paradigm (Wagner et al., 1998) Greater activity in left hippocampus and left PFC for incidentally encoded words that were later recalled. LOP Effects Parahippocampal area may provide spatial context Parahippocampal place area False Memories 6

7 Hippos and Cortices Consolidation and the Ribot gradient (1882) Frontal Cortex Remember the subsequent memory effects Standard Consolidation Theory vs. Multiple Trace Theory Predictions: Equal vs. Less Hippo activity for distant memories. Deciding what to remember Directing encoding vs. Directing forgetting Confabulation in frontal patients Basal Forebrain Other Important Structures Nucleus Basalis & Medial Septal Nuclei Anterior communicating artery aneurysm (ACoA) results in anterograde amnesia Neuromodulators: GABA & acetylcholine Affect hippocampus via fornix Damage to fornix Confabulation and source monitoring Other Amnesias Transient Global Amnesia (TGA) Concussions Sex and other physically strenuous activities Typically brief (loss of blood flow to hippocampus) Diencephalon Mamillary Bodies & Mediodorsal Nucleus of Thalamus Korsakoff s disease & thiamine Temporally graded retrograde amnesia May affect interaction of frontal cortex and hippocampus 7

8 Other Amnesias Functional Amnesia As opposed to Organic Amnesia Dissociative amnesia and dissociative fugue. EXTREMELY RARE Schacter & P.N. s amnesia following death of grandfather Identity loss but semantic memories intact. Faking? PET Scan Abnormal activity in MTL and Diencephalon fmri Akin to directed forgetting in PFC 8