Nikolaos Kaloumenos Ph.D. Poppy Resistance A European Issue 19 th -20 th May 2014 Frankfurt, Germany

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1 Nikolaos Kaloumenos Ph.D. 19 th -20 th May 2014 Frankfurt, Germany

Poppy Resistance a European Issue Before I start: A big thank you An important disclaimer The effort and objective of this work was to collect and

2 Poppy Resistance a European Issue Before I start: A big thank you An important disclaimer The effort and objective of this work was to collect and collate the up to date knowledge, experience, views, impressions of the European weed scientists on the Poppy herbicide resistance issue in Europe 2

3 Poppy Resistance a European Issue Poppy (Papaver rhoeas) The Weed The R story The Management strategy The Future Questions - Discussion 3

4 Poppy The Weed Poppy: Presence in Europe Present as a weed Not Present as a weed? It seems to be present almost all over Europe.. 4

5 Poppy The Weed Poppy: Presence in Cereals (Percentage of fields infested) % 61-80% 41-60% 21-40% 1-20% No infestation? Southern Europe seems to suffer more (Italy?) 5

6 Poppy The Weed P. aviculare P. rhoeas G. aparine G. aparine C. bursa pastoris G. aparine G. aparine G. aparine M. camomilla G. aparine Poppy: importance amongst dicot weeds in Cereals 1 st 2 nd 3 rd 4 th 5 th 6 th and below G. aparine seems to be the front runner weed in Cereals P. rhoeas M. camomilla 6

7 Poppy The Weed Poppy: Presence in OSR % 61-80% 41-60% 21-40% 1-20% No infestation? Southern Europe seems to suffer more (Italy?) 7

8 Poppy The Weed Tritosulfuron Triasulfuron Flazasulfuron Iodosulfuron Amidosulfuron Florasulam Metsulfuron-methyl Tribenuron-methyl Thifensulfuron-methyl Clorotuluron Isoproturon Bromoxynil Ioxynil Pyroxulam Chlorsulfuron 2,4 DB MCPA Dicamba Fluroxipyr Clopyralid Pendimethalin Diflufenican Bifenox Mecoprop-p 2,4 D Dicot control: active ingredients (in Cereal crops) ALS inhibitors (11) Synthetic auxins (7) PSII inhibitors (4) Other MoA (3) ALS inhibitors dominate this sea 8

Poppy The Weed Azimsulfuron 2,4 D Florasulam Chlopyralid Dicamba Quinmerac MCPA Tribenuron-methyl 2,4 DB Nicosulfuron Imazamox Triasulfuron Thifensulfuron-methyl Flumioxazin Dichlorprop-P Picloram

9 Poppy The Weed Azimsulfuron 2,4 D Florasulam Chlopyralid Dicamba Quinmerac MCPA Tribenuron-methyl 2,4 DB Nicosulfuron Imazamox Triasulfuron Thifensulfuron-methyl Flumioxazin Dichlorprop-P Picloram Oxyfluorfen Metsulfuron-methyl Iodosulfuron Metazachlor Dimethachlor Pathoxamid Propyzamide Mesotrione Napropamide Dimethenamid-P Pendimethalin Aclonifen Clomazon Bromoxinyl Isoproturon Dicot control: active ingredients (in other winter/autumn crops) ALS inhibitors (9) Synthetic auxins (8) VLCFA Inhibitors (5) Microtubule assembly (2) PP(G)O inhibitors (2) PSII inhibitors (2) Other MoA (3) Clearly a broader breath of available modes of action 9

10 Poppy The Weed Alternative to herbicides poppy control? The big NO! Except Stale Seedbed Crop rotation 10

11 Poppy The R story Poppy: Herbicide Resistance? Present as a weed Resistance has been reported Not Present as a weed 2003?

12 Poppy The R story The definition of resistance Not controlled in field trials by the: Not controlled in pots by the: Resistance factor (RF) > 1 in: In most cases Resistance is defined by Resistance Factor values higher than 1 (RF>1) in pot trials 12

13 Poppy The R story Poppy: Herbicide Resistance In which Crops? No resistance reported Cereals Cereals and OSR? 13

14 Poppy The R story Poppy: Herbicide Resistance How many R cases? > No resistance reported? 14

15 Poppy The R story Poppy: Herbicide Resistance (% of the infested area) >50% 21-50% 11-20% 6-10% 1-5% No resistance reported? 15

myosuroides A. myosuroides A. spica-venti A. myosuroides No resistance reported? A. spica-venti (?) Lolium spp.

16 Poppy The R story Poppy: impact to weed control compared to other R weeds in Cereals A. myosuroides Very high impact High impact Medium impact A. myosuroides Low impact A. myosuroides No impact A. myosuroides A. myosuroides A. spica-venti A. myosuroides No resistance reported? A. spica-venti (?) Lolium spp. Lolium spp. P. rhoeas Lolium spp. Resistance in grass species (ALOMY, LOLss followed by AVEss) seems to be the big problem Lolium spp. 16

17 Poppy The R story Poppy: Herbicide Resistance What mechanism of resistance? No resistance reported ALS Target site Target site and Metabolic Not investigated yet? 17

18 Poppy The R story Poppy: Herbicide Resistance To which modes of action? No resistance reported ALS resistance reported ALS and synthetic auxin resistance reported ALS, synthetic auxin and PSII resistance reported? 18

19 Poppy The R story Tribenuron Florasulam Mesosulfuron Flumetsulam Imazamox Flucarbazone Chlorsulfuron Imazapyr Metsulfuron 2,4 D MCPA Dicamba Mecoprop Bromoxinyl Thifensulfuron Metsulfuron Florasulam Tribenuron Mesosulfuron Metsulfuron Iodosulfuron Tribenuron 2,4 D Tribenuron Chlorsulfuron Metsufluron Iodosulfuron Florsulam Florasulam Imazamox Tribenuron Iodosulfuron Florasulam 2,4 D Tribenuron iodosulfuron thifensulfuron Tribenuron Chlorsulfuron Triasulfuron Mesosulfuron Imazamox Pyrithiobac Florasulam Poppy: Herbicide Resistance To which active ingredients? No resistance reported ALS resistance reported ALS and synthetic auxin resistance reported ALS, synthetic auxin and PSII resistance reported? 19

Poppy The Management Strategy Tritosulfuron Triasulfuron Flazasulfuron Iodosulfuron Amidosulfuron Florasulam Metsulfuron-methyl Tribenuron-methyl Thifensulfuron-methyl Clorotuluron Isoproturon

20 Poppy The Management Strategy Tritosulfuron Triasulfuron Flazasulfuron Iodosulfuron Amidosulfuron Florasulam Metsulfuron-methyl Tribenuron-methyl Thifensulfuron-methyl Clorotuluron Isoproturon Bromoxynil Ioxynil Pyroxulam Chlorsulfuron 2,4 DB MCPA Dicamba Fluroxipyr Clopyralid Pendimethalin Diflufenican Bifenox Mecoprop-p 2,4 D Dicot control: active ingredients (in Cereal crops) ALS inhibitors (9/11) Synthetic auxins (4/9) PSII inhibitors (1/4) Other MoA Resistance or Cross Resistance has evolved to the key ai for used for poppy control and it affects three key modes of action 20

Poppy The Management Strategy R poppy control: Alternative AIs Clorotuluron Florasulam Iodosulfuron Flumioxazin Bromoxynil Isoproturon Ioxynil Pendimethalin Bifenox Metazachlor Aminopyralid MCPA 2,4

21 Poppy The Management Strategy R poppy control: Alternative AIs Clorotuluron Florasulam Iodosulfuron Flumioxazin Bromoxynil Isoproturon Ioxynil Pendimethalin Bifenox Metazachlor Aminopyralid MCPA 2,4 D Fluroxipyr Dicamba Mecoprop-p Clopyralid Diflufenican Dichlorprop-P Beflubutamid ALS inhibitors Synthetic auxins VLCFA Inhibitors Microtubule assembly PDS inhibitors PSII inhibitors Other MoA With the evolution resistance and the regulatory threat there are no many AIs left!! 21

22 Poppy The Management Strategy What is responsible for evolution of Poppy resistance? Cereals Monoculture Early sowing Use of lower rates Old equipment uneven distribution Errors in application No herbicide rotation Over reliance on ALS inhibitors Limited solutions in OSR rotation No use of no-chemical weed control methods Reduced tillage 22

23 Poppy The Management Strategy How proactive European farmers are when it comes to resistance? Reactive Proactive Mixed responses? European Farmers are mostly Reactive to the resistance issue 23

24 Poppy The Future Poppy: Herbicide Resistance Resistance trend in the Past 10 years No resistance reported Increased Stayed the same Decreased? 24

25 Poppy The R story Poppy: Herbicide Resistance Resistance trend in the Next 10 years No resistance reported Increase Stay the same Decrease? 25

26 Poppy Resistance a European Issue Summary Poppy is present everywhere in Europe. Its importance increases in Southern countries (Spain, Greece). Up to now resistance has been reported in Spain, Italy, Greece, Denmark, Germany, UK and Sweden mainly in Cereal crops less in OSR. In most cases is not the most important resistant weed. Chemical classes affected are mainly the ALS inhibitors but resistance to synthetic auxins and PSII inhibitors has been reported. Target site mutations is the main mechanism of resistance but metabolic resistance has been identified (Italy, Spain). Cereals monoculture, over-reliance on ALS inhibitors and lack of proactivity against resistance mainly led to the current situation. No many alternative chemical solutions are currently available In the Future, poppy resistance Poppy Resistance is A predicted European Issue mostly to increase 26

27 Poppy Resistance a European Issue Thank you for your attention Contact: nikolaos.kaloumenos@syngenta.com 27

SUBSTANCES AUTHORISED FOR AGRICULTURAL USE IN THE EU

Authorised in the EU Updated April 2008 SUBSTANCES AUTHORISED FOR AGRICULTURAL USE IN THE EU Since the beginning of the EU s revision process in 1993, 190 existing and new active substances have been approved