Control of Metamorphosis in Flatfish
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1 Control of Metmorphosis in Fltfish K. Pittmn*, J. Solkken 1 & K. Hmre 2 *Dept of Fisheries nd Mrine Biology,University of Bergen, Norwy 1. Austevoll Mriculture Sttion, Inst of Mrine Reserch, Bergen 2. Division of Nutrition, Directorte of Fisheries, Bergen. Austevoll
2 Austevoll Mriculture Sttion University of Bergen Directorte of Fisheries Inst of Mrine Reserch
3
4 Frmed Fltfish juveniles exhiit: Pigment normlities Lck of eye migrtion Skeletl normlities Wening mortlity Fundmentl common fctor?
5 3 STAGE DAYS
6 Control of metmorphosis = control of juvenile qulity
7 Experiments 1. Nturl zooplnkton vs stndrd enriched Artemi 1 egg tch 4 groups 2. Exogenous T4 continuously nd t Pre-, Pro, Climx & PC Metm 3. Photoperiod 24 hrs light or 12L:12D t 22 dys nd t 12, 21, 3 nd 42 DPF
8 Feeding with Artemi or Zooplnkton 35, 3, 25, SIZE (mm 2, 15, 1, SL Artemi-fed MH Artemi-fed SL Zooplnkton-fed MH Zooplnkton-fed 5,,, 2, 4, 6, 8, DAYs post first feeding Mlpigmenttion: Artemi 93% Zooplnkton 32% Lck of Eye migrtion: 9 12 Dorsl fin com : 82 33
9 Feeding with Artemi or Zooplnkton 6 5 Dry weight (mg) Dys post firstfeeding Zooplnkton Artemi From: Hmre, Opstd, Espe, Solkken, Hemre & Pittmn, sumitted
10 Feeding with Artemi or Zooplnkton
11 Feeding with Artemi or Zooplnkton LFZ LFA From Solkken et l. sumitted
12 FATTY ACIDS IN PREY Artemi Zooplnkton ARA (2:4 n-6) 2.1±.1.7±.2 EPA (2:5 n-3) 4.9± ±3.2 DHA (22:6 n-3) 6.3± ±4.8 Σ Sturted 21.3± ±1. Σ Monoenes 27.3±.2 1.4±4. Σ n ± ±4.8 Σ n-6 8.1±.4 4.3±3.3 DHA/EPA 1.3±.1 1.6±.4 EPA/ARA 2.3±. 29±1
13 Feeding with Artemi or Zooplnkton (In prey) Wild zooplnkton Artemi Iodine (ug g dw -1 ) 35 +/- 19 (n=5).5+/- (n=4)*** Selenium (ug g dw -1 ) 2 +/-.2 (5) 2.2 +/-.1 (4) Phenyllnine (mg g protein -1 ) 32+/- 2 (5) 39 +/- 1 (4) Tyrosine (mg g protein -1 ) 37 +/- 3 (5) 37 +/- 1 (4) from: Solkken, Berntssen, Norerg, Pittmn & Hmre (sumitted)
14 Feeding with Artemi or Zooplnkton (In lrve) From Solkken et l. nd Hmre et l. (21) sumitted
15 Feeding with Artemi or Zooplnkton (In lrve) From Solkken et l. nd Hmre et l. (21) sumitted
16 Feeding with Artemi or Zooplnkton (In lrve) 8 Iodine (ug g dw -1 ) ** * ** *** LFC LFA A From: Solkken, Berntssen, Norerg, Pittmn & Hmre sumitted
17 Feeding with Artemi or Zooplnkton
18 Window of metmorphosis criticl size out 18 mm for hliut? mm SL Foto: Ø. Sæle
19 Exogenous Thyroxine - continuous T4 (ng/lrv) Control Exogenous T4 Cortisol (ng/lrv) Control Exogenous T4 T3 (ng/lrv) Control Exogenous T Stndrd length (mm) Eye migrtion index Exogenous T4 nd FDF Control nd FDF 2,5 Exogenous T4 Control 2 1,5 1, Stndrd length (mm) Solkken et l. (sum.)
20 Exogenous Thyroxine - stges Age SL (mm) Stge MH (mm) (DPF) ± Pre-M 1.7 ±.4.6 Pro-M ± Pro-M ± MC ± 4.2 Lte MC - JUV 7.2 ± 1.1
21 Exogenous Thyroxine - stges DPF SL (mm) Exogenous Controls T ±.1 (4) ±.1 (6) 15.6 ±.1 (55) *** ±.2 (49) 16.4 ±.2 (4) *** ±.3 (3) ±.2 (56) 22.7 ±.2 (47) ±.4 (56) 25.1 ±.4 (48) ±.8 (28) ±.5 (56) 32.7 ±.6 (48) ±.9 (56) 36.6 ± 1.2 (28)
22 Photoperiod Continuous 22DPF EMI Myotome (mm) 3, 2,5 2, 1,5 1,,5, ** * ,5 2 1,5 1 **,5 *** ** * Hemogloin (%) ** ** 75 *** Free Fin (%) Size (mm) Dys
23 Photoperiod - continuous 1 Norml Ami Pseudo Frequency of lrve (%)
24 Photoperiod - ges Stndrd length (mm) LL LD12 LD 21 LD 3 LD Dys post first feeding Solkken et l. (in prep.)
25 Photoperiod - ges,1 EMI/SL,8,6,4 LL LD 12 LD 21 LD 3 LD 41,2, Dys fter firstfeeding Solkken et l. (in prep.)
26 Photoperiod3,5 ges size vs ge Eye migrtion 3 2,5 2 1,5 1,5 c c c c Eye migrtion 3,5 3 2,5 2 1,5 1, Hemoglo Hemogloi Myotome height c Stndrd length Myotome height Dys post first
27 Age vs Size: exmple from diet expt 64-13,91 Dg ,1 Dg 14 Dg 21 Dg 25 S , , , , ,39 M 23-16, , ,26 L , ,8 Ø. Sæle
28 Hypothlmus-pituitry-thyroid xis photoperiod meltonin TRH TSH thyroid T3 T4 Thyroid follicle Diet (+iodine?) T 3 Bound T 4 Plsm Deiodintion T 3 T 4 Receptors Up or down regultion DNA Tissue Diet (+selenium) Development Growth Reproduction Fig: Ø. Sæle
29 Proposed pthwy to pigmenttion nd settlement dop phenyllnine (essentil..) tyrosine 3-monooxygense phenyllnine 4-monooxygense iodine diet diet (& sewter) tyrosine thyroxin (T 4 ) dopquinone Monophenol monooxygense Monophenol monooxygense Deiodinses with selenocystein (types 1& 3 ID) (type 2 ID) diet melnin pigmenttion triiodothyronine (T 3 ) Deiodinses (type 1 & 3 ID) neurl + skeletl chnge
30 Asesonl Reproduction 24 Artemi Jn June Dec
31 Conclusions 1. Dietry micronutrients importnt for endocrine control of metmorphosis (iodine & selenium) 2. Pek deiodinse ctivity in mm size, fter metmorphosis hs strted - T4 more impt initilly? 3. Window of opportunity 18-2 mm size (pre-pro metmorphosis) 4. Photoperiod induces heterochrony of eye migrtion, hemogloin nd pigmenttion effects 5. Exogenous thyroid hs positive effect on skeletl growth t pre-pro metmorphosis, mong other effects
32 Conclusions 6. Order of metmorphic events is i) neurl ii) growth nd skeletl chnge iii) circultion chnges iv) pigmenttion finlly estlished 7. Heterochrony is more relted to ge thn size 8. Stge dependent response to photoperiod-meltonin-thyroid stimultion? Future: effects on immunology (IgM), TRs, TRIPs
33
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