COURS 8 : THE NERVOUS SYSTEM, PART II

Transcription

1 UE1 Anglais Pr Naguy Le 20/03/2018 à 16h00 Roneotypeur : Bouchamma Imane COURS 8 : THE NERVOUS SYSTEM, PART II Rappel : le CC du 4 mai à lieu sur les cours 7 et 8 «The Nervous System» et sera sous forme de QCM avec des True/False Page 1 sur 12

2 I. The cranial nerves II. The spinal nerves III. Histology of the Brain IV. Brain anatomy V. The geography of thought Page 2 sur 12

3 I- The cranial nerves Page 3 sur 12

4 xii. Most of the cranial nerve contain motor fibers True, 5 contain only motor fiber (III, IV,VI,XI,XII) and 4 contain both motor and sensory fibers (so 9/12) xiv. Most of the cranial nerves contain sensory fibers True, 3 contain only sensory fiber 4 contain both sensory and motor fibers (so 7/12) xv. Most of the cranial nerves contain both motor and sensory fibers False only 4/12 xvi. The 12 cranial nerves are responsible for conducting signals from the brain to the rest of the body and vice versa False, only the vagus nerve X (=parapneumogastric nerve) and the accessory nerve XI leave the skull and go towards the rest of the body xvii. Most of the cranial nerves have a parasympathetic functions False, only oculomotor nerve III, facial nerve VII, glossopharyngeal nerve IX, vagus nerve X have a parasympathetic function Which is the most important cranial nerve? What sorts of fiber does it contain and what parts of the body does it supply? The most cranial nerve is the vagus nerve X which contains both sensory and motor fibers. The vagus nerve supplies sensitivity to the ear, tongue, larynx and pharynx and motricity to the vocal cords and viscera. Page 4 sur 12

5 II- The spinal nerves Page 5 sur 12

6 xviii. Most spinal nerves contain both motor and sensory fibers False, all spinal nerves contain both motor and sensory fibers. xix. Limb nerves contain nerve fibers from different regions of the spinal column True xx. (the anterior branches of the spinal nerves contain motor fibers only, whereas the posterior branches contain sensory fibers only.) False, branches=ramus which contain both motor and sensory fibers. The sentence would be true if nerve roots replaud branches xxi. The nerves of the sympathetic nervous system originate in the spinal column True, 14 spinal nerves contain sympathetic fibers from T1 to ->L2 What are limb nerves made up of? Why is this the case? Limb nerves originate from plexuses which are formed by several spinal nerves. The arms are innervated by brachial plexus and the legs are innervated by lumbar and sacral plexuses. Page 6 sur 12

7 III- Histology of the brain Page 7 sur 12

8 xxii. About 10% of the cells in the brain are neurons True, 90% glial cells and 10% neurons xxiii. Albert Einstein s brain contained 73% more glial cells than the average brain False, his left parietal cortex contained 73% more glial cells xxiv. The blood-brain barrier, a.k.a subarachnoid space, is filled with cerebrospinal fluid which protects the brain from toxins, infections and physical shocks. False BBB (Blood-brain barrier) is different of subarachnoid space. BBB protects from toxins and infections where as subarachnoid space protects from physical shocks What structure is the brain protected by? There are different types of protection: -physical protection: skull, meninges (dura matter, arachnoid matter, pia matter), cerebrospinal fluid in the subarachnoid space -chemical protection: Blood-brain barrier (formed by astrocytes, endothelial cells in the cerebral arteries: no fenestration), microglia. Antibodies can t pass the BBB which is why cerebral infection is really serious. Page 8 sur 12

9 IV- Brain anatomy Page 9 sur 12

10 xxv. Split-brain patients (whose corpus callosum has been cut or damaged) can say the name of an object in their left visual field but cannot pick it up with their left hand. False, Broca s area is located in the left hemisphere, so they can t say the name but they can pick it up. xxvi. In left-handed people, speech is controlled by the right side of the brain False, 90% of right-handed people and 70% of left-handed people: speech is controlled by the left side. What does lateralization mean? How does communication take place between the two hemispheres? Lateralization means each hemisphere of the brain controls the opposite side of the body. They communicate through the corpus callosum Page 10 sur 12

11 V- The geography of thought Page 11 sur 12

12 xxvii. The cerebral cortex can be divided into 5 lobes : the frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal and cerebellum False, there is no cerebellum in the cerebral cortex. The cerebellum has his own cortex. xxviii. The motor area is located on the right side in left-handed people, and on the left side in righthanded people There are 2 motor areas on both sides of the brain. Page 12 sur 12