The Cell Cycle MITOSIS
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1 The Cell Cycle MITOSIS
2 Outcomes 1. Explain the events of the cell cycle Interphase Mitosis Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis 2. Use a simulation to demonstrate the behaviour of chromosomes during mitosis 3. Observe and identify stages of the cell cycle from onion root tip cells, and determine the duration of each stage.
3 Cell Cycle Recall: cell divisions after fertilization - continues to increase in size, maintains grown individual Division of body cells (somatic cells) Cell cycle: phases, no pauses in between
4 There is a maximum cell size! because of surface area:volume (impact on diffusion) Is the reason why large organisms are made of many tiny cells Cells divide in order to create more cells, either to increase organism s size or replace old/ damaged cells
5 Cell Cycle Phases Division Phase: components of cytoplasm and nucleus of parent cell divided - gives rise to TWO identical daughter cells - Mitosis: duplication of chromosomes, each daughter cell has same number of chromosomes as parent cell - Cytokinesis: divides cytoplasm and organelles equally Interphase: stage between divisions - G1: rapid growth - S: synthesis of chromosomes (duplication) - G2: growth, preparation for division
6 Interphase Majority of time spent in interphase - includes G1, S, G2 Cells not actively dividing - grow and undergo metabolic processes Chromosomes uncondensed (chromatin) G1: period of rapid growth, chromosomes unduplicated S phase: prepare for division, duplication of chromosomes G2: growth, completes prep for division
7 Stages of Mitosis Recall: mitosis is the process in which a parent cell divides into two identical daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent. 4 stages of Mitosis - Prophase - Metaphase - Anaphase - Telophase Cytokinesis: occurs after Telophase - division of cytoplasm I / P M A T
8 Prophase Early Prophase: chromosomes start to condense - become shorter, thicker and visible Centrioles move to opposite poles - site of attachment of protein-based SPINDLE FIBRES - guide wires for attachment and movement of chromosomes - form spindle apparatus - most plant cells lacking centrioles Centromere: joins the two chromatids, anchors chromosomes to spindle fibres Late Prophase: nuclear membrane dissolves
9 Early Prophase Late Prophase
10 Metaphase Chromosomes composed of sister chromatids move toward centre of cell - line up on equatorial plate like train tracks Attached to spindle fibres at centromere Most visible at this stage - dark, thick filamentous structures Nuclear membrane completely dissolved
11 Anaphase Centromeres divide Sister chromatids move to opposite poles - now considered chromosomes (unduplicated) Same number and type of chromosomes at each pole (if mitosis occurs correctly)
12 Telophase Last phase of mitosis Chromosomes reach opposite poles, begin to lengthen (forming chromatin) Spindle fibres dissolve Nuclear membrane begins to form around each mass of chromatin
13 Cytokinesis Chromosomes already at each pole, nuclear membrane forming Cytoplasm begins to divide Animal cells: furrow develops, pinches off the cell into two parts (TWO daughter cells) - marks end of cell division Plant cells: cell plate forms between two chromatin masses - develops into new cell wall Mitosis and Cytokinesis cell division on contrast microscope
14 Whitefish Prophase
15 Whitefish Metaphase
16 Whitefish Anaphase
17 Whitefish Telophase
18 REVIEW
19 Cell Biological Clock Cells have a finite number of divisions they can undergo Internal memory for number of divisions already undergone ex) heart cells: frozen after 10 divisions, underwent another 40 when thawed - always total of 50 divisions no matter how long frozen Not all cells have same ability to mitotically divide WHY??? - AGE: stop dividing (due to length of telomeres) - SPECIALIZATION: more specialized, reproduce less 2 types of cells divide endlessly - spermatagonia - cancerous cells (spend most of life cycle in cell division not interphase)
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