CELL GROWTH & DIVISION 10-1 & 10-2
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1 Image from: CELL GROWTH & DIVISION 10-1 & 10-2 Image by Riedell
2 2 Reasons why cells divide 1. DNA OVERLOAD As cell grows bigger demand on DNA genetic library becomes too great Ex: Small town library has 1000 books. As town grows and more people borrow books, there may be a waiting list to read the most popular titles
3 2 Reasons why cells divide 2. Material exchange can t keep up As cell grows bigger demand for transport across membrane is too great
4 Ability to transport of oxygen, food, waste across cell membrane depends on SURFACE AREA Need for these depends on CELL VOLUME As cell grows these DON T increase at the same rate See relationship between volume and SA
5 Ratio of Surface Area to Volume in Cells Section 10-1 Cell Size Surface Area (length x width x 6) Volume (length x width x height) Ratio of Surface Area to Volume Go to Section:
6 BIGGER CELLS NEED MORE FOOD and OXYGEN, but CAN T TRANSPORT IT FAST ENOUGH or IN BIG ENOUGH QUANTITIES!
7 Image from: Image by Riedell Multicellular organisms grow mainly by increasing cell number
8 DNA CAN BE: SPREAD OUT IN NON-DIVIDING CELLS CHROMATIN SCRUNCHED UP IN DIVIDING CELLS CHROMOSOMES
9 DNA in PROKARYOTES NO NUCLEUS HAVE ONE CHROMOSOME ATTACHED TO CELL MEMBRANE IN THE REGION NUCLEOID MANY BACTERIA CONTAIN A PLASMID WHICH IS A CIRCULAR DNA MOLECULE THAT REPLICATES SEPARATELY FROM THE CHROMOSOME.
10 DNA in EUKARYOTES (Plants & Animals) DNA is ROD-SHAPED CHROMOSOMES MANY PAIRS FOUND IN NUCLEUS HUMANS HAVE 46 CHROMOSOMES, 23 PRS
11 Chromosome structure 2 identical arms CHROMATIDS CENTROMERE constricted area holds chromatids together HOMOLOGOUS PAIR 2 of each chromosome (one from mom; one from dad)
12 HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES SAME SIZE SAME SHAPE CARRY GENES for the SAME TRAITS BUT NOT! IDENTICAL (Don t have to have the SAME CHOICES)
13 CELL DIVISION in PROKARYOTES Bacteria reproduce using asexual BINARY FISSION reproduction called
14 CELL CYCLE = series of events that cells go through as they grow and develop cells alive cell cycle
15 CELL CYCLE INTERPHASE non-dividing phase G 1 - Grow bigger Cell is doing its job DNA is spread out as chromatin S - Synthesis (copy DNA) & chromosomal proteins G 2 - Grow bigger, make organelles & molecules needed for cell division
16 CELL DIVISION MITOSIS Nuclear division Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase CYTOKINESIS - Cytoplasm divides G 0 cell stops dividing (Ex: nerve cell)
17 Figure 10 4 The Cell Cycle Section 10-2 G 1 phase M phase S phase G 2 phase Go to Section:
18
19 INTERPHASE (G 1 - S - G 2 ) In between divisions Cells are in this phase most of the time Can see nucleus DNA spread out as chromatin Can t see chromosomes DNA gets copied (S) Cell gets ready to divide
20 Pearson Education Inc publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall PROPHASE 1st dividing phase DNA scrunches into chromosomes Centrioles appear in centrosome region & move to poles Nuclear membrane & nucleolus disappear Spindle fibers form & attach to chromosomes (paired chromatids)
21 CENTROSOME region organizes spindle aster centrosome Microtubule (spindle fibers) centrioles Spindle MICROTUBULES are part of cytoskeleton
22 METAPHASE Chromosomes line up in middle Hint: Count chromosomes by counting the centromeres Images from: Pearson Eduction Ince; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall
23 ANAPHASE Centromeres split Centrioles pull chromatids apart Images from: Pearson Eduction Ince; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall
24 TELOPHASE (reverse prophase steps) See two nuclei Nuclear membrane & nucleolus return Chromosomes spread out as chromatin Centrioles disappear Spindle fibers disappear Images from: Pearson Eduction Ince; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall
25 CYTOKINESIS Cytoplasm splits into 2 cells ANIMAL CELLS pinch cytoplasm in two with a CLEAVAGE FURROW
26 CYTOKINESIS Cytoplasm splits into 2 cells PLANT CELLS can t pinch because they have a sturdy CELL WALL Plant cells separate cytoplasm by growing a CELL PLATE down the middle.
27 Figure 10 5 Mitosis and Cytokinesis Section 10-2 Centrioles Spindle forming Nuclear envelope Chromatin Interphase Centromere Chromosomes (paired chromatids) Prophase Spindle Centriole Nuclear envelope reforming Cytokinesis Telophase Anaphase Individual chromosomes Centriole Metaphase Go to Section:
28 Figure 10 5 Mitosis and Cytokinesis Section 10-2 Centrioles Spindle forming Nuclear envelope Chromatin Interphase Centromere Chromosomes (paired chromatids) Prophase Spindle Centriole Nuclear envelope reforming Cytokinesis Telophase Anaphase Individual chromosomes Centriole Metaphase Go to Section:
29 Figure 10 5 Mitosis and Cytokinesis Section 10-2 Centrioles Spindle forming Nuclear envelope Chromatin Interphase Centromere Chromosomes (paired chromatids) Prophase Spindle Centriole Nuclear envelope reforming Cytokinesis Telophase Anaphase Individual chromosomes Centriole Metaphase Go to Section:
30 Figure 10 5 Mitosis and Cytokinesis Section 10-2 Centrioles Spindle forming Nuclear envelope Chromatin Interphase Centromere Chromosomes (paired chromatids) Prophase Spindle Centriole Nuclear envelope reforming Cytokinesis Telophase Anaphase Individual chromosomes Centriole Metaphase Go to Section:
31 Figure 10 5 Mitosis and Cytokinesis Section 10-2 Centrioles Spindle forming Nuclear envelope Chromatin Interphase Centromere Chromosomes (paired chromatids) Prophase Spindle Centriole Nuclear envelope reforming Cytokinesis Telophase Anaphase Individual chromosomes Centriole Metaphase Go to Section:
32 Figure 10 5 Mitosis and Cytokinesis Section 10-2 Centrioles Spindle forming Nuclear envelope Chromatin Interphase Centromere Chromosomes (paired chromatids) Prophase Spindle Centriole Nuclear envelope reforming Cytokinesis Telophase Anaphase Individual chromosomes Centriole Metaphase Go to Section:
33 Videos Animal Cell Mitosis Animal Cell Cytokinesis
34 Concept Map Section 10-2 Cell Cycle includes is divided into is divided into Go to Section:
35 Concept Map Section 10-2 Cell Cycle includes Interphase M phase (Mitosis) is divided into is divided into G 1 phase S phase G 2 phase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Go to Section:
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