CHAPTER 5 THE RESEARCH METHODS OF BIOPSYCHOLOGY: UNDERSTANDING WHAT BIOPSYCHOLOGISTS DO

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1 CHAPTER 5 THE RESEARCH METHODS OF BIOPSYCHOLOGY: UNDERSTANDING WHAT BIOPSYCHOLOGISTS DO MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1) Vestibular function can be assessed by assessing a patient's reaction to A) facial nerve stimulation. D) needles inserted in the face. B) electroencephalography. E) needles inserted in the foot. C) cold water flushed in the ear. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 102 Topic: Chapter 5 Introduction 2) The ironic case of Professor P. makes the point that A) two brains are better than one. B) Alzheimer's disease can have an early onset. C) many research methods of biopsychology are used in clinical settings. D) brain tumors can be bilateral. E) cortical tumors are usually malignant. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 102 Topic: Chapter 5 Introduction 3) Which contrast X-ray technique is designed to locate vascular abnormalities in the brains of human patients? A) cerebral angiography D) CT scans B) X-ray photography E) PET scans C) pneumoencephalography Diff: 1 Page Ref: 103 Topic: 5.1 Methods of Visualizing the Living Human Brain 4) Which of the following is a contrast X-ray technique? A) angiography D) structural magnetic resonance imaging B) magnetoencephalography E) functional MRI C) positron emission tomography Diff: 2 Page Ref: 103 Topic: 5.1 Methods of Visualizing the Living Human Brain 5) A computed tomography (CT) scan of the brain is usually presented as a series of eight or nine A) horizontal sections. D) sagittal sections. B) frontal sections. E) midsagittal sections. C) coronal sections. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 103 Topic: 5.1 Methods of Visualizing and Stimulating the Living Human Brain Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 101

2 Test Bank for Biopsychology, 8/e 6) Which technique is illustrated here? A) computed tomography B) cerebral angiography C) electroencephalography D) magnetic resonance imaging E) positron emission tomography Diff: 3 Page Ref: 103 Topic: 5.1 Methods of Visualizing and Stimulating the Living Human Brain 7) Which of the following procedures is not an adaptation of X-ray photography? A) computed tomography D) angiography B) MRI E) both A and C C) CT Diff: 2 Page Ref: 104 8) Which of the following provides the most detailed three-dimensional view of the structure of the living human brain? A) CT D) EEG B) PET E) MRI C) angiography Diff: 2 Page Ref: 104 9) Positron emission tomography is a valuable research tool because it A) pictures the brain in fine detail. D) provides an image of brain structure. B) involves angiography. E) involves low levels of radioactivity. C) provides an image of brain function. Diff: 3 Page Ref: ) A patient is sometimes injected with radioactive 2-deoxyglucose before A) a CT scan. D) positron emission tomography. B) magnetic resonance imaging. E) a sodium amytal test. C) a contrast X-ray. Diff: 2 Page Ref:

3 Chapter 5: The Research Methods of Biopsychology 11) The reason why radioactive 2-DG is useful for revealing the level of activity of neurons in different parts of the brain is that 2-DG A) is absorbed by neurons in relation to their level of activity. B) is metabolized by neurons in relation to their level of activity. C) is not metabolized by neurons. D) both A and C E) both A and B Diff: 3 Page Ref: ) Functional MRI generates images of increases to areas of the brain of A) oxygenated blood flow. D) alpha waves. B) water flow. E) 2-DG. C) nitric oxide flow. Diff: 2 Page Ref: ) Which technique records the BOLD signal? A) MRI D) PET B) CT E) MEG C) fmri Diff: 2 Page Ref: ) Functional MRI requires the injection of radioactive A) water. D) oxygen. B) glucose. E) none of the above C) 2-DG. Diff: 3 Page Ref: ) Which method provides structural and functional information about the living human brain on the same image? A) functional MRI D) CT B) angiography E) EEG C) PET Diff: 2 Page Ref: ) Which of the following technique measures changes in magnetic fields on the surface of the brain? A) MRI D) EMG B) fmri E) EEG C) MEG Diff: 2 Page Ref:

4 Test Bank for Biopsychology, 8/e 17) Which of the following is a method used by cognitive neuroscientists to turn off part of the brain while the effects on cognition and behavior are assessed? A) 2-DG. D) PET. B) ERP. E) EEG. C) TMS. Diff: 1 Page Ref: ) Unlike brain-imaging techniques, TMS permits the study of between human cortical activity and cognition. A) links D) neural connections B) causal relations E) communication C) correlations Diff: 1 Page Ref: ) An electroencephalograph is A) a gross measure of the electrical activity of the brain. B) a gross measure of the electrical activity of the cortex. C) a gross measure of the electrical activity of neurons. D) a gross measure of the electrical activity of groups of neurons. E) an EEG machine. Diff: 3 Page Ref: ) In human patients, EEG activity is commonly recorded directly from A) muscle. D) the neocortex. B) the hippocampus. E) the heart. C) the scalp. Diff: 1 Page Ref: ) Alpha wave EEG activity is associated with A) high arousal. D) epilepsy. B) sleep. E) evoked potentials. C) relaxed wakefulness. Diff: 2 Page Ref:

5 Chapter 5: The Research Methods of Biopsychology 22) Which of the following biopsychologists would be most likely to study cortical ERPs in human volunteers? A) a neuropsychologist D) a psychopharmacologist B) a psychophysiologist E) a comparative psychologist C) a physiological psychologist Diff: 2 Page Ref: ) Signal averaging is commonly used in the recording of ERPs because it reduces the magnitude of A) large signals. D) the P300. B) sensory evoked potentials. E) far-field potentials. C) random signals. Diff: 3 Page Ref: ) The main difference between an average evoked potential (AEP) and a "raw" evoked potential is that A) an AEP is usually unobservable. B) an AEP is an alpha wave. C) a raw evoked potential is often unobservable amidst the random noise of the ongoing EEG signal. D) an AEP is a unit response. E) a raw evoked potential is likely to be larger. Diff: 3 Page Ref: ) The P300 A) is an EEG wave that often occurs after the presentation of a momentary stimulus meaningful to the subject. B) is a negative EEG wave. C) is a far-field potential occurring 300 mm from the electrode. D) occurs about 300 seconds prior to a response. E) is a component of the potential evoked by a meaningless click. Diff: 2 Page Ref: ) The signals in the first few milliseconds of the average auditory evoked potential A) always originate next to the scalp electrode. B) are far-field potentials. C) originate in the sensory nuclei of the brain stem. E) both B and C Diff: 3 Page Ref:

6 Test Bank for Biopsychology, 8/e 27) Components of AEPs recorded in the first few milliseconds after a stimulus are A) almost always auditory. B) almost always visual. C) not usually influenced by the meaning of the stimulus. D) of special interest to cognitive psychologists. E) almost always influenced by the meaning of the stimulus. Diff: 3 Page Ref: ) The short-latency low-amplitude signals (indicated by the arrow) in this average auditory evoked potential are termed A) the P300. B) the P400. C) the ERP. D) the sensory evoked potential. E) far-field potentials. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 109 Topic: 5.2 Recording Human Psychophysiological Activity 29) Modern computer techniques have made it possible to estimate the A) time of particular EEG signals. C) frequency of particular EEG signals. B) location of the source of particular EEG D) latency of far-field potentials. signals. E) P300. Diff: 2 Page Ref: ) Muscle tension is monitored by A) electroencephalography. D) ERPs. B) electromyography. E) MEGs. C) electrooculography. Diff: 1 Page Ref: ) Electrooculography is A) usually performed with one electrode mounted on each cornea. B) a method of estimating eye movement from eye muscle activity. C) a method of measuring skin conductance. D) an indirect method of measuring pupil constriction. E) both A and B Diff: 2 Page Ref:

7 Chapter 5: The Research Methods of Biopsychology 32) Electrooculography is a technique for monitoring A) penile engorgement. D) eye movement. B) cortical activity. E) muscle tension. C) blood pressure. Diff: 1 Page Ref: ) In electrooculography, how many electrodes are typically used to monitor the movements of one eye? A) 4 D) 1 B) 8 E) 6 C) 2 Diff: 1 Page Ref: ) Illustrated here is A) electroencephalography. B) magnetoencephalography. C) electrooculography. D) plethysmography. E) electromyography. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 110 Topic: 5.2 Recording Human Psychophysiological Activity 35) If you were startled by a loud noise, there would be an increase in your skin's conductance of electricity. This response is called A) a skin conductance response. D) an average evoked potential. B) an EKG. E) a P300 wave. C) a skin conductance level. Diff: 1 Page Ref: ) Which gland or glands directly influence the SCL and the SCR? A) gonads D) pancreas B) pituitary gland E) thymus gland C) sweat glands Diff: 1 Page Ref:

8 Test Bank for Biopsychology, 8/e 37) Which of the following is a record of a person's heart beat? A) electrocardiogram B) ECG E) both A and B C) EKG Diff: 2 Page Ref: ) Hypertension is A) stress. D) chronic low blood pressure. B) caused by excitement. E) a sphygmomanometer. C) chronic high blood pressure. Diff: 1 Page Ref: ) The level of 130/70 mmhg is A) indicative of stress.. B) the ratio of diastolic to total systolic blood D) a healthy human blood pressure. pressure. E) both A and C C) indicative of hypertension Diff: 3 Page Ref: ) Which of the following have traditionally been used by physicians to measure blood pressure? A) sphygmomanometers D) electrodes B) plethysmographs E) ERPs C) oscilloscopes Diff: 2 Page Ref: ) Penile erection is A) a muscular response. D) a sphygmomanometric response. B) an electromyographic response. E) an aberrant response. C) a plethysmographic response. Diff: 3 Page Ref: ) Stereotaxic surgery typically requires A) a stereotaxic atlas. B) a stereotaxic instrument. C) a head holder. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 111 D) an electrode holder. E) all of the above 108

9 Chapter 5: The Research Methods of Biopsychology 43) The method by which the experimental devices are accurately positioned in subcortical structures is A) autoradiography. D) stereotaxic surgery. B) cryogenesis. E) aspiration. C) perfusion. Diff: 1 Page Ref: ) Bregma is A) the point of intersection between two major skull sutures. B) a common reference point for rat stereotaxic brain surgery. C) a naughty word. D) a type of electrode holder. E) both A and B Diff: 1 Page Ref: ) The reference point for many stereotaxic atlases of the rat brain is A) smegma. D) bregma. B) lambda. E) both C and D C) the intersection between two major fissures. Diff: 1 Page Ref: ) Unlike subcortical lesions, cortical lesions are often made by A) the electrolytic method. D) transection. B) aspiration. E) stereotaxic surgery. C) radio-frequency current. Diff: 1 Page Ref: ) Which of the following brain lesion techniques is least likely to be associated with the destruction of major blood vessels? A) aspiration lesions D) knife cuts B) electrolytic lesions E) lobotomy C) radio-frequency lesions Diff: 3 Page Ref: ) The created by the current is the main cause of tissue damage produced be a radiofrequency lesion. A) vibration D) ion deposits B) current induction E) acid C) heat Diff: 2 Page Ref:

10 Test Bank for Biopsychology, 8/e 49) Cryogenic blockade, if properly done, A) destroys only those neurons that have been cooled. B) produces a discrete area of permanent damage. C) destroys neurons by freezing them. D) produces little or no permanent neural damage. E) eliminates all neural activity in the brain. Diff: 1 Page Ref: ) Cryogenic blockade is often referred to as a functional or reversible lesion because A) the damage that it produces lasts only a few weeks. B) the damage that it produces lasts only a day or two. C) it temporarily eliminates the contribution of a particular area of the brain without damaging the brain. D) it produces lesions that can be reversed with drugs. E) the subjects always survive. Diff: 2 Page Ref: ) A temporary or reversible lesion can be produced by A) excision or cutting. D) radio-frequency current. B) aspiration or suction. E) invasive EEG. C) cryogenic blockade. Diff: 1 Page Ref: ) Reversible lesions can be produced by microinjection directly into the target brain structure of A) a local anesthetic. B) lidocaine. E) both A and B C) a coolant. Diff: 3 Page Ref: ) Lesions that are commonly referred to as amygdala lesions often A) damage neural structures other than the amygdala. B) do not destroy the entire amygdala. C) damage prefrontal cortex. D) both A and B E) both B and C Diff: 3 Page Ref:

11 Chapter 5: The Research Methods of Biopsychology 54) Lesions restricted to structures on one half of the brain are called A) unilateral lesions. D) bipolar lesions. B) bilateral lesions. E) unitary lesions. C) monopolar lesions. Diff: 1 Page Ref: ) Lesions restricted to structures in one half of the brain usually have effects that are much less severe than comparable A) unilateral lesions. D) aspiration lesions. B) bipolar lesions. E) bilateral lesions. C) cryogenic lesions. Diff: 1 Page Ref: ) Intracellular unit recording is not commonly used in biopsychological research because A) it is too difficult for biopsychologists. B) biopsychologists are usually not interested in neurons. C) it is a neurophysiological procedure. D) it is very difficult to keep the tip of a microelectrode inside a single neuron in a moving subject. E) all of the above Diff: 1 Page Ref: ) Intracellular unit recording is very difficult in A) humans. B) monkeys. C) rats. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 113 D) freely moving animals. E) higher species. 58) Which method was used to record this signal? A) extracellular unit recording B) intracellular unit recording C) electroencephalography D) integrated multiple-unit recording E) plethysmography Diff: 2 Page Ref: 113 Topic: 5.3 Invasive Physiological Research Methods 111

12 Test Bank for Biopsychology, 8/e 59) Unlike other electrophysiological methods of recording neural activity, intracellular unit recording provides measurements of A) cell firing. D) reductions in neural firing. B) action potentials. E) EEG activity. C) the membrane potential. Diff: 3 Page Ref: ) Extracellular unit recording provides information about A) the magnitude of the membrane potential. B) the wave form of action potentials. E) none of the above C) EPSPs. Diff: 3 Page Ref: ) Which method was used to record this signal? A) extracellular unit recording B) intracellular unit recording C) electroencephalography D) integrated multiple unit recording E) plethysmography Diff: 2 Page Ref: 113 Topic: 5.3 Invasive Physiological Research Methods 62) Multiple-unit signals are typically A) recorded through microelectrodes. B) recorded through electrodes that are larger than microelectrodes. C) integrated to facilitate their interpretation. D) both A and C E) both B and C Diff: 3 Page Ref: ) In laboratory animals, cortical EEG signals are commonly recorded through A) stainless steel skull screws. D) disk electrodes taped to the scalp. B) electrodes placed around the eyes. E) cortical pipettes. C) subcortical electrodes. Diff: 1 Page Ref:

13 Chapter 5: The Research Methods of Biopsychology 64) IP, SC, and IM are all A) recording methods. B) drugs. C) stimulation methods. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 115 Topic: 5.4 Pharmacological Research Methods D) cranial nerves. E) routes of drug administration. 65) Drugs that don't penetrate the blood brain barrier can be administered to brain tissue A) by SC injection. B) through a stereotaxically positioned cerebral cannula. C) through an intracerebral microelectrode. D) by IV injection. E) by injection into a carotid artery. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 115 Topic: 5.4 Pharmacological Research Methods 66) Both ibotenic acid and kainic acid A) are neurotoxins. B) destroy neurons whose cell bodies are at the tip of an intracerebral cannula, while leaving axons passing through the region undamaged. C) are selective dopamine agonists. D) are selective dopamine antagonists. E) both A and B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 115 Topic: 5.4 Pharmacological Research Methods 67) The neurotoxin, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) selectively destroys A) neurons that release dopamine or norepinephrine. B) axons. C) cell bodies. D) multipolar neurons. E) the hypothalamus. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 115 Topic: 5.4 Pharmacological Research Methods 68) A method of identifying all of the brain areas of a laboratory animal that were particularly active during a behavioral test is A) cerebral dialysis. D) the 6-OHDA technique. B) the 2-deoxyglucose technique. E) the kainic acid technique. C) immunocytochemistry. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 115 Topic: 5.4 Pharmacological Research Methods 113

14 Test Bank for Biopsychology, 8/e 69) The final stage of the 2-deoxyglucose technique involves A) autoradiography. D) immunocytochemistry. B) injecting 2-DG. E) cerebral dialysis. C) injecting radioactive 2-DG. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 115 Topic: 5.4 Pharmacological Research Methods 70) A method of measuring the levels of neurochemicals in particular sites in the brains of active laboratory animals is A) cerebral dialysis. D) immunocytochemistry. B) the 6-OHDA histological technique. E) electroencephalography. C) in situ hybridization. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 115 Topic: 5.4 Pharmacological Research Methods 71) Cerebral dialysis is a method of A) stimulating the brain. B) stimulating the neuroendocrine system. C) measuring changes in the extracellular concentrations of various neurochemicals at particular sites in the brains of active animals. D) 6-OHDA. E) recording AEPs. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 115 Topic: 5.4 Pharmacological Research Methods 72) Which of the following is a technique for locating particular proteins in the brain? A) immunocytochemistry. D) both A and B B) the 6-OHDA technique. E) both A and C C) in situ hybridization. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 116 Topic: 5.4 Pharmacological Research Methods 73) Which of the following procedures employs labeled antibodies? A) immunocytochemistry D) electroencephalography B) in situ hybridization E) both A and B C) cerebral dialysis Diff: 2 Page Ref: 116 Topic: 5.4 Pharmacological Research Methods 74) In immunocytochemistry, the labeled ligand is A) an amino acid. B) a microelectrode. C) an antibody. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 116 Topic: 5.4 Pharmacological Research Methods D) a neurotransmitter. E) a receptor. 114

15 Chapter 5: The Research Methods of Biopsychology 75) Immunocytochemistry is to in situ hybridization as A) antibody is to messenger RNA. D) antibody is to DNA. B) DNA is to antibody. E) RNA is to antibody. C) neurotransmitter is to cell body. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 116 Topic: 5.4 Pharmacological Research Methods 76) Knockout mice are mice that A) have had a concussion. B) are susceptible to concussion. C) have amnesia. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 117 Topic: 5.5 Genetic Engineering D) both A and C E) none of the above 77) Which of the following is a weakness of the gene knockout technique as a method of biopsychological research? A) Most behavioral traits are influenced by many interacting genes. B) Elimination of one gene often influences the expression of other genes. C) The effects of some gene knockouts are likely to depend on experience. E) none of the above Diff: 2 Page Ref: 117 Topic: 5.5 Genetic Engineering 78) Melanopsin knockout mice have difficulty A) adjusting their circadian rhythms in response to changes in the daily light-dark cycle. B) seeing. C) sleeping on a regular schedule. D) displaying circadian rhythms. E) recognizing circadian signals. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 117 Topic: 5.5 Genetic Engineering 79) Transgenic mice always possess A) more genes than normal. B) fewer genes than normal. C) the characteristics of the other sex. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 117 Topic: 5.5 Genetic Engineering D) fewer chromosomes than normal. E) genes of another species. 115

16 Test Bank for Biopsychology, 8/e 80) Green fluorescent protein A) was first isolated from a species of jelly fish. B) fluoresces when exposed to blue light. C) has been used to visualize neurons in a few plants and invertebrates, but not in higher organisms. E) both A and B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 118 Topic: 5.5 Genetic Engineering 81) The brainbow technique A) is an extension of the green fluorescent protein technique. B) is a technique for labeling neurons in an animal different colors so that each can be traced. C) has not yet been applied to neural tissue in multicellular animals. D) both A and B E) both A and C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 119 Topic: 5.5 Genetic Engineering 82) A behavioral paradigm normally includes a method for A) producing the behavioral phenomenon under investigation. B) measuring the behavioral phenomenon under investigation. C) recording brain activity. E) both A and B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 118 Topic: Introduction: Behavioral Research Methods 83) The main difference between neurologists and neuropsychologists is that A) neurologists deal with brain-damaged people. B) neuropsychologists tend to focus on the assessment of complex behavioral problems. C) neuropsychologists generally refer patients to neurologists, but not vice versa. D) neurologists deal with behavior. E) neurologists are scientists. Diff: 2 Page Ref: ) Neuropsychological assessment is useful because it can A) assist diagnosis. B) influence treatment. E) both A and B C) be the basis for effective counseling. Diff: 2 Page Ref:

17 Chapter 5: The Research Methods of Biopsychology 85) Before the 1950s, neuropsychological testing usually employed the A) standardized-test-battery approach. D) neurological approach. B) single-test approach. E) psychophysical approach. C) customized-test-battery approach. Diff: 2 Page Ref: ) The primary purpose of the single-test and standardized-test-battery approaches to neuropsychological testing was to A) identify brain-damaged patients. B) locate the area of brain damage. C) characterize the nature of the psychological deficits. D) measure brain activity. E) compete with neurologists. Diff: 2 Page Ref: ) The modern customized-test-battery approach to neuropsychological testing typically begins with a A) test of memory. D) test of emotion. B) test of speech. E) battery of tests. C) test of motor function. Diff: 2 Page Ref: ) Tests used in the modern customized-test-battery approach to neuropsychological testing A) are often specifically designed to measure aspects of psychological function that have been spotlighted by modern theories and data. B) often focus on the cognitive strategies employed by the patient, rather than on just how well the patient does. C) often require skilled practitioners for their prescription, administration, and interpretation. E) both A and B Diff: 2 Page Ref: ) Many current neuropsychological assessments begin with the A) sodium amytal test. D) Neuropsychiatric Test Inventory (NTI). B) dichotic listening test. E) ERP. C) WAIS. Diff: 2 Page Ref:

18 Test Bank for Biopsychology, 8/e 90) The digit-span test is a common test of A) short-term memory. B) counting. C) arithmetic. Diff: 1 Page Ref: ) On the digit-span test, most people score about A) 65%. B) 85%. C) 50%. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 120 D) intelligence. E) lateralization. D) 100%. E) none of the above 92) Which of the following is a test of language ability that employs objects of two shapes, two sizes, and five different colors? A) block-span test B) token test C) aphasia subtest of the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery D) paired-associate test E) Wechsler Language Scale Test Diff: 2 Page Ref: ) Which of the following WAIS subtests is part of the Performance Scale? A) Picture Completion D) Object Assembly B) Digit Symbol E) all of the above C) Block Design Diff: 3 Page Ref: ) Which of the following subtests of the WAIS involves cartoon drawings? A) Object Assembly D) Similarities B) Picture Arrangement E) Digit Span C) Picture Coloring Diff: 3 Page Ref: ) The sodium amytal test and dichotic listening test are tests of A) audition. D) language lateralization. B) memory. E) language. C) intelligence. Diff: 1 Page Ref:

19 Chapter 5: The Research Methods of Biopsychology 96) In the sodium amytal test, injections are sequentially made into the left and right A) language areas of the cortex. D) auditory cortex. B) speech areas of the cortex. E) motor cortex. C) carotid arteries. Diff: 2 Page Ref: ) In the sodium amytal test, an injection into the carotid artery contralateral to the dominant hemisphere for speech renders the subject completely mute for A) 50 seconds. D) 30 minutes. B) 2 minutes. E) none of the above C) 4 minutes. Diff: 3 Page Ref: ) In the conventional dichotic listening test of language lateralization, A) seven digits are presented. B) three digits are presented twice in rapid succession. C) seven pairs of digits are presented. D) three pairs of digits are presented. E) seven dichotic stimuli are presented. Diff: 3 Page Ref: ) Memories that are demonstrated by improved performance in the absence of conscious awareness of the memories are called A) implicit memories. D) episodic memories. B) explicit memories. E) short-term memories. C) semantic memories. Diff: 1 Page Ref: ) Repetition priming tests are tests of A) explicit memory. B) implicit memory. C) episodic memory. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 122 D) semantic memory. E) consolidated memory. 119

20 Test Bank for Biopsychology, 8/e 101) Brain damage may produce selective language deficits associated with the sounds, grammar, or meaning of language. In other words, they may disrupt A) syntax, phonology, or semantics, respectively. B) phonology, semantics, or syntax, respectively. C) phonology, syntax, or semantics, respectively. D) semantics, syntax, or phonology, respectively. E) semantics, phonology, or syntax, respectively. Diff: 3 Page Ref: ) Dyslexia is a difficulty in A) speaking. B) reading. C) understanding. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 122 D) thinking. E) fleeming. 103) A common neuropsychological test of frontal-lobe damage is the A) Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. D) digit-span test. B) token test. E) block-design test. C) Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test. Diff: 2 Page Ref: ) Illustrated here is the A) Washington Symbols Test. B) Wisconsin Card-Sorting Test. C) a classic test of parietal-lobe damage. D) both A and C E) both B and C Diff: 2 Page Ref: ) Most cognitive neuroscientific research is based on the assumption that A) complex cognitive processes result from the combination of simple constituent cognitive processes. B) each constituent cognitive process is mediated by activity in a particular area of the brain. C) constituent cognitive processes tend to be localized in subcortical structures. E) both A and B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 122 Topic: 5.7 Behavioral Methods of Cognitive Neuroscience 120

21 Chapter 5: The Research Methods of Biopsychology 106) If a PET image is recorded while a subject is reading, many areas of activity on the PET image will have nothing to do with the cognitive activity of reading. That is why cognitive neuroscientists often use A) functional MRI. D) the additive-image control procedure. B) structural MRI. E) EEG. C) the paired-image subtraction technique. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 123 Topic: 5.7 Behavioral Methods of Cognitive Neuroscience 107) A network of brain structures that tends to be active when a person sits quietly and lets her mind wander has been termed the A) limbic system. D) cerebral paradigm. B) constituent cognitive processor. E) paired-image subtraction mode. C) default mode network. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 123 Topic: 5.7 Behavioral Methods of Cognitive Neuroscience 108) In most PET and functional MRI studies of cognitive processes, the signal-to-noise ratio is increased by A) subtraction. D) signal splitting. B) addition. E) multiplication. C) averaging. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 124 Topic: 5.7 Behavioral Methods of Cognitive Neuroscience 109) Which of the following is a commonly studied species-common behavior? A) copulating D) swimming B) nest building E) all of the above C) grooming Diff: 1 Page Ref: ) The open-field test is usually conducted in A) a large, empty chamber. D) a thigmotaxic chamber. B) the animals' natural habitat. E) Iowa. C) an open space in the animals' natural habitat. Diff: 1 Page Ref: ) In the open-field test, a high bolus count is frequently used as an indicator of A) aggression. D) attention. B) fearfulness. E) defense. C) motor activity. Diff: 1 Page Ref:

22 Test Bank for Biopsychology, 8/e 112) In the open-field test, thigmotaxia is often used as a measure of A) body temperature. D) obesity. B) fearfulness. E) aggression. C) sexual motivation. Diff: 2 Page Ref: ) If a rat with its hair erect, moves sideways towards another rat and then pushes against it, the A) first rat is likely sexually motivated. B) second rat is likely a female. C) first rat is likely a female. D) first rat is likely a dominant male displaying social aggression. E) second rat is likely dominant to the first. Diff:2 Page Ref: ) In rats, "boxing" is usually a sign of A) sexual motivation. D) defense against conspecific attack. B) aggression. E) a lack of sexual motivation in alpha males. C) predation. Diff: 2 Page Ref: ) The elevated plus maze is a commonly used test of A) balance. B) learning. E) none of the above C) memory. Diff: 3 Page Ref: ) The elevated plus maze is commonly employed to study A) memory. B) anxiety or defensiveness. E) both A and C C) aggression. Diff: 2 Page Ref: ) Normally, a male rat cannot intromit unless A) it is by itself. D) the female has a low lordosis quotient. B) it displays lordosis. E) it first ejaculates. C) the female displays lordosis. Diff: 1 Page Ref:

23 Chapter 5: The Research Methods of Biopsychology 118) Which of the following is a commonly used measure of male rat sexual behavior? A) number of mounts required to achieve an intromission B) number of intromissions required to achieve an ejaculation C) duration of the interval between an ejaculation and the reinitiation of mounting E) both A and B Diff: 1 Page Ref: ) Which of the following is a commonly used measure of the sexual receptivity of female rats? A) postejaculatory interval D) number of intromissions to ejaculation B) mount frequency E) number of ejaculations to intromission C) lordosis quotient Diff: 1 Page Ref: ) During conventional Pavlovian conditioning, the conditional stimulus is repeatedly presented just before the A) conditional response. D) operant response. B) unconditional stimulus. E) classical stimulus. C) other conditional stimulus. Diff: 1 Page Ref: ) In operant conditioning paradigms, the rate of a voluntary response is increased by and decreased by. A) positive reinforcement; negative reinforcement B) reinforcement; punishment C) brain stimulation; food D) food; brain stimulation E) conditional stimuli; unconditional stimuli Diff: 2 Page Ref: ) The self-stimulation paradigm is A) a Pavlovian conditioning paradigm. D) both A and C B) an operant conditioning paradigm. E) both B and C C) a punishment procedure. Diff: 3 Page Ref:

24 Test Bank for Biopsychology, 8/e 123) In most self-stimulation paradigms, A) laboratory animals press levers. B) laboratory animals stimulate their own brains through implanted electrodes. C) there is punishment, but no reinforcement. E) both A and B Diff: 2 Page Ref: ) The first time a wild rat encounters a food that it has never tasted before, it usually displays A) conditioned taste aversion. D) temporal contiguity. B) neophobia. E) an emetic reaction. C) thigmotaxis. Diff: 2 Page Ref: ) Cancer patients sometimes develop conditioned taste aversions in response to their A) tumors. D) X-rays. B) bad news. E) ulcers. C) chemotherapy. Diff: 1 Page Ref: ) The discovery of conditioned taste aversion challenged the A) principle of equipotentiality. B) belief that temporal contiguity is necessary for conditioning. C) the engram theory of memory. E) both A and B Diff: 3 Page Ref: ) The radial arm maze is commonly used to study A) eating. D) Pavlovian conditioning. B) motor activity. E) discrimination learning. C) foraging for food. Diff: 2 Page Ref: ) This apparatus is A) an elevated plus maze. B) a Hebb-Williams maze. C) a wheel maze. D) a Morris maze. E) none of the above Diff: 2 Page Ref: 126 Topic: 5.7 Behavioral Methods of Cognitive Neuroscience 124

25 Chapter 5: The Research Methods of Biopsychology 129) Most radial arm mazes have A) 8 or more arms radiating out from a central starting area. B) 8 or more arms radiating out from a central goal area. C) 8 arms that continuously revolve. D) no goal areas. E) no starting area. Diff: 1 Page Ref: ) In the typical radial arm maze, rats tend to orient themselves on the basis of A) the colors of the arms. D) the length of the arms. B) the size of the arms. E) external room cues. C) the number of the arms. Diff: 2 Page Ref: ) The Morris water maze is commonly used to study A) fish behavior. D) passive avoidance. B) spatial ability. E) swimming. C) maze running. Diff: 2 Page Ref: ) The typical Morris water maze A) is circular. B) contains a clearly visible escape platform. E) both B and C C) is filled with clear water. Diff: 2 Page Ref:

26 Test Bank for Biopsychology, 8/e 133) If a rat receives a single painful stimulus from a small object in a test box containing commercial bedding material, the rat will usually investigate the object and then A) flee. D) escape. B) bury it. E) build a nest. C) dig a tunnel. Diff: 1 Page Ref: ) Antianxiety (anxiolytic) drugs tend to reduce the amount of A) conditioned taste aversion. B) time spent in the closed arms of the elevated plus maze. C) self-stimulation. D) conditioned defensive burying. E) both B and D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 125&

27 Chapter 5: The Research Methods of Biopsychology FILL-IN-THE-BLANK QUESTIONS 1) The patient is often injected with radioactive 2-DG before positron. Answer: emission tomography Diff: 1 Page Ref: 104 2) The two most common techniques for producing images of human brain function are PET and functional. Answer: MRI Diff: 1 Page Ref: 105 3) A technique for disrupting activity in an area of cortex in healthy human subjects is stimulation. Answer: transcranial magnetic Diff: 2 Page Ref: 107 4) In human subjects, EEG electrodes are often fixed to the. Answer: scalp Diff: 1 Page Ref: 107 5) The unabbreviated name of the procedure used to record muscle tension is. Answer: electromyography Diff: 2 Page Ref: 109 6) The SCL and SCR are influenced by glands. Answer: sweat Diff: 2 Page Ref: 110 7) Electrodes are typically implanted in subcortical structures by surgery. Answer: stereotaxic Diff: 2 Page Ref: 111 8) Intracellular unit recording provides a measure of the over time. Answer: membrane potential Diff: 3 Page Ref: 113 9) As the final step in the 2-deoxyglucose technique, brain slices are subjected to. Answer: autoradiography Diff: 3 Page Ref: 115 Topic: 5.4 Pharmacological Research Methods 127

28 Test Bank for Biopsychology, 8/e 10) To facilitate immunochemistry, neurochemists have created stocks of to most neuropeptides. Answer: antibodies Diff: 2 Page Ref: 116 Topic: 5.4 Pharmacological Research Methods 11) Gene techniques are used to create organisms that lack particular genes. Answer: knockout Diff: 2 Page Ref: 117 Topic: 5.5 Genetic Engineering 12) The test of intelligence that is most frequently used in neuropsychological assessment is abbreviated. Answer: WAIS Diff: 2 Page Ref: ) A commonly used test of short-term memory is the subtest of the WAIS. Answer: digit span Diff: 2 Page Ref: ) In the open-field test, fearful rats are, that is, they stay near the walls of the test box. Answer: thigmotaxic Diff: 3 Page Ref: ) Sexually receptive female rats often assume the posture when mounted by a male rat. Answer: lordosis Diff: 2 Page Ref: ) Pavlovian conditioning typically involves repeatedly presenting the conditional stimulus just before the. Answer: unconditional stimulus Diff: 2 Page Ref: ) Many cancer patients receiving chemotherapy develop conditioned. Answer: taste aversions Diff: 1 Page Ref: ) The maze typically has eight or more arms and is used to study the spatial abilities of rats. Answer: radial arm Diff: 1 Page Ref:

29 Chapter 5: The Research Methods of Biopsychology 19) The typical maze contains a hidden escape platform. Answer: Morris water Diff: 2 Page Ref: ) If a rat is hurt by an object in a test chamber containing commercial bedding material, the rat will often the object. Answer: bury Diff: 2 Page Ref:

30 Test Bank for Biopsychology, 8/e ESSAY AND OTHER MULTIPLE-MARK QUESTIONS 1) Describe and compare the various techniques commonly used for obtaining structural images of the living human brain. Answer: 50% for describing contrast X-rays (e.g., cerebral angiography), CT, and MRI 50% for comparing them Diff: 2 Page Ref: ) Describe and compare the various methods for recording the electrical activity of the brain through invasive electrodes. Answer: 50% for describing intracellular unit recording, extracellular unit recording, multiple unit recording, and invasive EEG recording 50% for comparing them Diff: 3 Page Ref: ) Describe the modern customized-test-battery approach to assessing the psychological deficits of neuropsychological patients. Give examples of two specific tests. How is this approach an improvement over previous approaches? Answer: 40% for describing the two phases of this approach 40% for describing how this is an improvement over the standardized-test-battery approach 20% for intelligently discussing two specific tests Diff: 2 Page Ref: ) Discuss the assessment of memory deficits in neuropsychological patients. Discuss the effectiveness of the memory span and repetition priming tests. Answer: 50% for explaining that assessing memory deficits is complex because there are so many different kinds of memory deficits 25% for describing the memory span test and its insensitivity to brain damage 25% for describing the repetition priming tests and that it is particularly sensitive to brain damage Diff: 3 Page Ref: ) Describe both the paired-image subtraction and the averaging techniques that are used in cognitive neuroscience research. Why are they employed? Answer: 35% for describing paired-image subtraction 35% for describing averaging 30% for explaining why they are used Diff: 2 Page Ref: Topic: 5.7 Behavioral Methods of Cognitive Neuroscience 130

31 Chapter 5: The Research Methods of Biopsychology 6) Describe the conditioned taste aversion phenomenon and how it changed how researchers thought about learning. Answer: 20% for describing the step-by-step assumption 20% for describing the equipotentiality assumption 20% for describing the temporal contiguity assumption 40% for explaining how the discovery of conditioned taste aversion challenged these three assumptions Diff: 3 Page Ref: ) Your text describes three categories of paradigms for studying the behavior of laboratory animals. Name and describe the three categories, and describe one example of each. Answer: 25% for naming and describing "paradigms for the assessment of species common behaviors" 25% for naming and describing "traditional conditioning paradigms" 25% for naming and describing "seminatural animal learning paradigms" 25% for naming and describing one test from each category Diff: 2 Page Ref: