in Motion analysis TRAMA Project September th 2007
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1 First Course Basics in Motion analysis TRAMA Project September th 2007 Prof. Guy CHERON Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Movement Biomechanics Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium Objectives Neurophysiology of brain area related to movement and motor control 1. Ascending pathways (sensory input) 2. Sensory input treatment, and thalamo-cortical & cortico-thalamic filter 3. Sensory cortical areas 4. Descending pathways (motor output) &motor unit definition 5. Synthesis of motor output organization 6. Toward parcellation, specialization and complexity 7. Pre-motor area definition, identification 8. Basal-ganglia organization direct & indirect pathways 9. Sensory motor transformation 1
2 Voies des colonnes dorsaleslemnisque médian Information V relatives au toucher et à o la proprioception. i e Voie spino-thalamique Informations relatives à la douleur et à la température 2
3 Objectives Neurophysiology of brain area related to movement and motor control 1. Ascending pathways (sensory input) 2. Sensory input treatment, and thalamo-cortical & cortico-thalamic filter 3. Sensory cortical areas 4. Descending pathways (motor output) &motor unit definition 5. Synthesis of motor output organization 6. Toward parcellation, specialization and complexity 7. Pre-motor area definition, identification 8. Basal-ganglia organization direct & indirect pathways 9. Sensory motor transformation Organisation du thalamus 3
4 Fig. 1. Complex spatiotemporal patterns of ongoing network activity during wake and sleep states in neocortex. (A) Spatiotemporal map of activity computed from multiple extracellular local field potential (LFP) recordings in a naturally sleeping cat during slow-wave sleep (SWS). The activity consists of highly synchronized slow waves (in the frequency range, 1 4 Hz), which are irregular temporally but coherent spatially. (B) Same recording arrangement when the animal was awake. In this case, the ß frequency dominated LFPs (15 30 Hz) are weakly synchronized and very irregular both spatially and temporally. [(A) and (B) modified from (73)] (C) Intracellular recordings during these two states show slow oscillations during slow-wave sleep (SWS, left), and a sustained depolarized state with intense fluctuations during wakefulness (Awake, right). [Courtesy of Igor Timofeev, Laval University] (D) Network state dependent responsiveness in visual cortex. Cortical receptive fields obtained by reverse correlation in simple cells for ON responses. The procedure was repeated for different cortical states, by varying the depth of the anesthesia (EEG indicated above each color map). (Left) Desynchronized EEG states (light anesthesia); (right) synchronized EEG states with prominent slow oscillatory components (deeper anesthesia). Receptive fields were always smaller during desynchronized states. Color code for spike rate (see scale). [Modified from (12)] Destexhe &Contreras,2006 Science Relation thalamo-corticale et cortico-thalamique (Destexhe, 2000, J. Physiol) 4
5 Relation thalamo-corticale et cortico-thalamique Objectives Neurophysiology of brain area related to movement and motor control 1. Ascending pathways (sensory input) 2. Sensory input treatment, and thalamo-cortical & cortico-thalamic filter 3. Sensory cortical areas 4. Descending pathways (motor output) &motor unit definition 5. Synthesis of motor output organization 6. Toward parcellation, specialization and complexity 7. Pre-motor area definition, identification 8. Basal-ganglia organization direct & indirect pathways 9. Sensory motor transformation 5
6 Organisation du cortex somatosensoriel Penfield and Rasmussen, 1952 Organisation en colonne de l aire 3b du cortex S1 Récepteurs adaptation rapide (Meissner, Johansson) Récepteurs adaptation lente (Merkel, Ruffini) (Kaas et al, 1981) 6
7 Objectives Neurophysiology of brain area related to movement and motor control 1. Ascending pathways (sensory input) 2. Sensory input treatment, and thalamo-cortical & cortico-thalamic filter 3. Sensory cortical areas 4. Descending pathways (motor output) &motor unit definition 5. Synthesis of motor output organization 6. Toward parcellation, specialization and complexity 7. Pre-motor area definition, identification 8. Basal-ganglia organization direct & indirect pathways 9. Sensory motor transformation Voie pyramidale Cortex moteur 7
8 8
9 Objectives Neurophysiology of brain area related to movement and motor control 1. Ascending pathways (sensory input) 2. Sensory input treatment, and thalamo-cortical & cortico-thalamic filter 3. Sensory cortical areas 4. Descending pathways (motor output) &motor unit definition 5. Synthesis of motor output organization 6. Toward parcellation, specialization and complexity 7. Pre-motor area definition, identification 8. Basal-ganglia organization direct & indirect pathways 9. Sensory motor transformation Synthèse:élaboration de la commande motrice (Godaux et Cheron, 1989, Medsi McGrawHill) 9
10 Objectives Neurophysiology of brain area related to movement and motor control 1. Ascending pathways (sensory input) 2. Sensory input treatment, and thalamo-cortical & cortico-thalamic filter 3. Sensory cortical areas 4. Descending pathways (motor output) &motor unit definition 5. Synthesis of motor output organization 6. Toward parcellation, specialization and complexity 7. Pre-motor area definition, identification 8. Basal-ganglia organization direct & indirect pathways 9. Sensory motor transformation (Rizzolatti and Luppino, 2001, Neuron) 10
11 (Rizzolatti and Luppino, 2001) Monkey Human Abbreviations CCZ caudal cingulate zone CMAd dorsal cingulate motor area CMAr rostral cingulate motor area CMAv ventral cingulate motor area FEF frontal eye field fmri functional magnetic resonance imaging M1 primary motor cortex PMd dorsal premotor cortex PMv ventral premotor cortex RCZ rostral cingulate zone RCZa anterior rostral cingulate zone RCZp posterior rostral cingulate zone SMA supplementary motor area VCA line level of the anterior commissure Picard and Strick,
12 Separate functional divisions in premotor areas SMA, PMd, CCZ, Various aspects of Movement generation and control RCZ RCZa=CMAr RCZp=CMAv pre-sma Motor and cognitive functions Conflict monitoring Response selection Abstract level, sensory-motor association Unrelated to motor aspects of the task, Working memory, shift of attention to stimuli activation of the PMd proper during execution of finger flexion/extension movements M1 M1 activation of the pre-pmd during imagined movements of the fingers Activation of the pre-pmd related to spatial attention/memory is shown in red, activation of the PMd on the precentral gyrus related to movement preparation is shown in yellow, and the overlap is shown in green. 12
13 activation in the SMA and pre-sma during an auditory conditional task Activation in the supplementary eye field (SEF) during visually guided saccades motor-related activations in SMA and CCZ selective activation in the pre-sma during an auditory motor association task selective activation of the pre-sma for a mixed condition of compatible and incompatible (Stroop-like) conditional saccades sustained activation during working memory delay in the pre-sma and RCZ Objectives Neurophysiology of brain area related to movement and motor control 1. Ascending pathways (sensory input) 2. Sensory input treatment, and thalamo-cortical & cortico-thalamic filter 3. Sensory cortical areas 4. Descending pathways (motor output) &motor unit definition 5. Synthesis of motor output organization 6. Toward parcellation, specialization and complexity 7. Pre-motor area definition, identification 8. Basal-ganglia organization direct & indirect pathways 9. Sensory motor transformation 13
14 Pre-motor areas Primary motor cortex M1 Spinal cord movements Injections de WGA-HRP dans M1 (Dum and Strick, 2002) Injections traceur fluorescent dans segments médullaires C7-T1 14
15 Terminaisons de M1 au niveau de la moelle (Dum and Strick, 1996) 15
16 Terminaison de la SMA au niveau de la moelle (Dum and Strick, 1996) Terminaisons de M1, de la SMA et du CMA (Dum and Strick, 2002) 16
17 Objectives Neurophysiology of brain area related to movement and motor control 1. Ascending pathways (sensory input) 2. Sensory input treatment, and thalamo-cortical & cortico-thalamic filter 3. Sensory cortical areas 4. Descending pathways (motor output) &motor unit definition 5. Synthesis of motor output organization 6. Toward parcellation, specialization and complexity 7. Pre-motor area definition, identification 8. Basal-ganglia organization direct & indirect pathways 9. Sensory motor transformation L organisation des noyaux de la base 17
18 Lésion du globus pallidus Synthèse programmation du mouvement 18
19 (Alexander and crutcher, TINS, 1990) DeLong, TINS,
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