Index. B Biological factors, 2 Brain stem encephalitis, Burkitt s lymphoma, 83, 105

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1 Index A Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) abdomen gallbladder complications, 97, gastrointestinal complications, 96, liver complications, 97, neoplasm, 99, pancreas complications, 97, peritoneal and retroperitoneal infection, 96 97, 106 spleen complications, 97, clinical diagnosis, 84 CNS (see central nervous system (CNS)), etiology, 78 laboratory tests CD4 and CD8 T-cell count, 84 HIV antibody tests, 83 HIV nucleic acid detection, 84 HIV P24 antigen detection, malignancies Burkitt s lymphoma, 83 Kaposi s sarcoma, 82, 83 non-hodgkin B-cell lymphoma, 83 opportunistic infections bacterial infections, chest (see Chest) cryptococcosis, 81, 82 histoplasmosis, moniliasis, 81 PCP, 82 Toxoplasma gondii, 82 virus infection, 80 pathogenesis, 79 primary bone marrow, 80 lymph nodes, 80 of nervous system, 80 spleen, 80 Acute necrotizing encephalopathy, 72, 74 AIDS See Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) Alveolar pulmonary edema, 165, 166, 167 Apoptosis, effects of, 125 Aseptic meningitis, 65, 73, 153, 159 Aseptic necrosis clinical data, 22 CT, imaging presentations, 51, pathogenesis, 22 Avian influenza See Human avian influenza Axillary lymphadenectasis, 68 B Biological factors, 2 Brain stem encephalitis, Burkitt s lymphoma, 83, 105 C Caseous pneumonia, 173, Central nervous system (CNS) CT scan, 65 HIV infection, 99, 111 MRI, 65 opportunistic infection fungal infection, , 115 Kaposi s sarcoma, 112, 113, 119 lymphoma, 107, 118 PML, 103, 105, toxoplasmosis, 99, 101, tuberculosis infection, 103, 116, 61 radiological manifestations acute necrotizing encephalopathy, 74 aseptic meningitis, 73 encephalitis/meningoencephalitis, 73 influenza-related encephalopathy, 72 secondary intracranial fungal infection, 74, 75 radiological modalities, 65 Chest bacterial infection Baumannii pneumonia, 95, Haemophilus influenza, 94 Klebsiellar pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection, 94, 102 Rhodococcus equi infection, 92, 94, 100 Staphylococcus aureus infection, 94, 101 streptococcal infection, 94, 101 fungal infection histoplasmosis, 89, 93 lung aspergillosis, 89 91, 93 mucormycosis, 91, 97 PM, 91, pulmonary candidiasis, 93, 94 pulmonary cryptococcosis, 89, 93 human avian influenza virus pneumonia complications, 42, 50 differential diagnosis, 40 dynamic changes, 33 34, early phase of onset, 33, 34, 35, 36 ischemic necrosis, 51, lung interstitial fibrosis, lung secondary infections, 50 mediastinal and subcutaneous emphysema, 33 34, Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht and People s Medical Publishing House 2016 P.-X. Lu, B.-P. Zhou (eds.), Diagnostic Imaging of Emerging Infectious Diseases, DOI /

2 208 Chest (cont. ) progression phase (see Progression phase) recovery phase, 33 34, neoplasm Kaposi s sarcoma, 95, 104 malignant lymphoma, 95, PCP atypical demonstrations, 86 types of, typical CT demonstrations, tuberculosis mycobacterium tuberculosis, primary tuberculosis, 88, 89 secondary tuberculosis, 88, viral infection, 91 92, Chest distress, 11 Chronic fibrocavitary tuberculosis, 173, Colloidal gold test, 34 Computed tomography (CT) aseptic necrosis, CNS, 65 HCC arterial phase, 137 complications, contrast CT scan, 137 density, diffusive type, 136, 137 equilibrium phase, focal nodular proliferation, 138, 140 huge-mass type, 136 indirect signs, 138 liver abscess, nodular type, 136 portal vein phase, 137 small HCC, 138, 139 hepatocirrhosis differential diagnosis, direct signs, indirect signs, 133, 134 regenerated nodules, 133 pneumonia, SARS initial phase, progression phase, 19, 20 recovery phase, 19, 21 Convalescent period, 2, 3 Coxsackie virus (Cox), Cytokine, effects of, 125 D Dry tuberculous pleurisy, 183, 184 Dyspnea, 11, 35 E Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) AIDS (see Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)) avian influenza (see Human avian influenza) biological factors, 2 classification, 1 clinical and imaging characteristics apparent manifestation, 2 complications, 3 convalescent period, 2 dynamic imaging visualization, 3 ground-glass opacity and pulmonary consolidation, 3 incubation period, 2 infectiveness and variability, 2 lesion absorption, 3 prodromal period, 2 definition, 1 HFMD (see Hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD)) influenza A (H1N1) ( see Influenza A (H1N1)) measures and strategies, 3 natural factors, 2 prevalence characteristics, 2 PTB (see Pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB)) SARS (see See acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)) social factors, 2 viral hepatitis (see Viral hepatitis) Encephalitis, 73, 162, Endothelin-1 (ET-1), 155 Enterovirus 71 (EV71) causes, 155 etiology, incubation period, 157 induce pulmonary edema, 155 infection, 155, 157, 158, 159 nucleic acid positive, 158 CNS, 155, 156 heart, 156 lung, 156 pulmonary hemorrhage, 166 transmission route, 154 Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) HIV antibody test, 83 P24 antigen, 83 SARS-specific antibodies, 12 virus antibody test, 34 virus nucleic acid test, 34 Exudative tuberculous pleurisy, 183 F Focal tuberculosis, 173 H Hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) clinical diagnosis clinical manifestations, 158 definitive diagnosis, diagnostic imaging, 158 epidemiological data, 158 etiological examination, 158 laboratory test, 158 nervous system involvement, 158 physical signs, 158 serological test, 158 clinical typing, 157 infected person, 155 route of transmission, 155 source of infection, susceptible population, 155 etiology Coxsackie virus, EV71, 154

3 209 incubation period, 157 laboratory test blood biochemistry, 157 cerebrospinal fluid examination, 157 etiological examination, serological test, 158 neurological complications aseptic meningitis, 159 brain stem encephalitis, encephalitis, 162, myelitis, pathogenesis, 155 CNS, 155, 156 heart, lung, 156 respiratory complications bronchitis type, 164 pneumonia type, 165, 166 pulmonary edema type, pulmonary hemorrhage type, 166, 168 Hepatitis A virus (HAV), 124 etiological diagnosis, , 126 Hepatitis B virus (HBV) acute, 126 chronic, , 124 Hepatitis C virus (HCV) acute, 128 chronic, 128, molecular pathological examination, Hepatitis D virus (HDV), , 129 Hepatitis E virus (HEV), 125 etiology, 124, 129 Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) CT scan arterial phase, 137 complications, contrast image, 137 density, diffusive type, 136, 137 equilibrium phase, focal nodular proliferation, 138, 140 huge-mass type, 136 indirect signs, 138 liver abscess, nodular type, 136 portal vein phase, 137 small HCC, 138, 139 MRI complications, differential diagnosis, , 148 diffuse type, 144, 147 huge-mass type, 144, 146 nodular liver cancer, 144, 145 small HCC, 144 PET/CT primary, relapsed/residual liver cancer, 149 remote metastasis, Hepatocirrhosis differential diagnosis, direct signs, indirect signs, 133, 134 regenerated nodules, 133 HFMD See Hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) Histoplasmosis, 81 82, 89, 93 Huge-mass type, , 136, 144, 146 Human avian influenza chest imaging diagnosis complications, 42, 50 differential diagnosis, 40 dynamic changes, 33 34, early phase of onset, 33, 34, 35, 36 ischemic necrosis, 51, lung interstitial fibrosis, lung secondary infections, 50 mediastinal and subcutaneous emphysema, 33 34, progression phase (see Progression phase) recovery phase, 33 34, clinical diagnosis, 35 definition, 29 discovery of H5N1, 29 H5N6, 30 H7N9, 30 H10N8, 29 area distribution characteristics, 31 epidemic season, 31 human population distribution characteristics, 31 route of transmission, 31 sources of infection, laboratory examination blood biochemical examination, 34 blood routine examination, 34 colloidal gold test, 34 ELISA, 34 immunofluorescence test, 34 nucleic acid test, 34 virus isolation, morphological structure, 30 pathogenesis, pathogenicity, 30 cerebellum, 33 cerebrum, 33 heart, 33 immune organs, 33 kidney, liver, 33, 34 lungs, spinal cord, 33 physicochemical properties, 30

4 210 I Immunofluorescence test, 34 Infiltrative tuberculosis, 173, Influenza A (H1N1) virus clinical diagnosis clinically diagnosed cases, critical cases, 64 definitively diagnosed cases, 64 severe cases, 64 suspected cases, 63 clinical symptoms and signs, 62 CNS manifestations acute necrotizing encephalopathy, 74 aseptic meningitis, 73 encephalitis/meningoencephalitis, 73 influenza-related encephalopathy, 72 secondary intracranial fungal infection, 74, 75 CNS modalities, 65 source of infection, 58 susceptible population, 59 transmission route, 59 etiology, incubation period, 62 laboratory tests blood biochemistry, 63 cellular immunity assay, 63 electrolyte, 63 peripheral blood test, 62 serum antibody test, 63 viral nucleic acid test, 63 virus isolation, 63 pathogenesis, 59 cardiovascular system, central nervous system, digestive system, 61, 62 lymphoid hematopoietic system, 62 molecular pathology, 62 respiratory system, 60 secondary infection, 62 urinary system, 61 respiratory system axillary lymphadenectasis, 68 mediastinal emphysema, 68, modalities, plastic bronchitis, 72 pleural effusion, 68 pneumonia, pneumothorax, 68, secondary fungal infection, 72, 73 Influenza-related encephalopathy, 72 Interstitial pulmonary edema lung marking and hilum, 165, 166 septal linear opacit, subpleural effusion, 166 Ischemic necrosis, 11, 51, K Kaposi s sarcoma CNS, 112, 113, 119 malignancies, 82, 83 neoplasm, 95, 104 L Lobular lesions, Lung(s) aspergillosis, 89 91, 93 HFMD, human avian influenza, SARS alveolar cavities, 8, 9 alveolar wall epithelial cells, 8, 9 glomeruloid organizing pneumonia, 9 naked-eye observation, 8 M Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) aseptic necrosis, 22, 23 cerebral atrophy, 99 CNS, 65 fungal meningitis, 74 intracranial tuberculosis, 103 liver cancer complications, differential diagnosis, , 148 diffuse type, 144, 147 huge-mass type, 144, 146 nodular liver cancer, 144, 145 remote metastasis, 149 small HCC, 144 Mediastinal emphysema, 68, Meningoencephalitis, 73 Mucormycosis, 91, 97 Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB), 194, , Mycobacterium tuberculosis See Pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) Myelitis, N Natural factors, 2 Neurological complications aseptic meningitis, 159 brain stem encephalitis, encephalitis, 162, myelitis, Nodular type, 132 Non-Hodgkin B-cell lymphoma, 83 Nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) lung disease, , Nucleic acid test, 34, 84 O Opportunistic infections CNS fungal infection, , 115 Kaposi s sarcoma, 112, 113, 119 lymphoma, 107, 118 PML, 103, 105, toxoplasmosis, 99, 101, tuberculosis infection, 103, 116 HIV/AIDS bacterial infections, chest (see Chest) cryptococcosis, 81, 82 histoplasmosis, 81, 82

5 211 moniliasis, 81 PCP, 82 Toxoplasma gondii, 82 virus infection, 80 P Palpitation, 11 Parenchymal lesions, 126, 197 Penicillium marneffei (PM), 91, Plastic bronchitis, 72 Pleural effusion, 39, 68, 131 Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), 77, 82, Pneumonia CT scan demonstrations, human avian influenza virus complications, 42, 50 differential diagnosis, 40 dynamic changes, 33 34, early phase of onset, 33, 34, 35, 36 ischemic necrosis, 51, lung interstitial fibrosis, lung secondary infections, 50 mediastinal and subcutaneous emphysema, 33 34, progression phase (see Progression phase) recovery phase, 33 34, influenza A (H1N1) complications, radiological demonstrations, 65, 66 typology, 66, 68 Pneumothorax, 68, Positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) primary, relapsed/residual liver cancer, 149 remote metastasis, Prodromal period, 2 Progression phase disseminated infiltration foci, 33 34, ground-glass dense shadows, 33 34, ground-glass shadows, 33 34, lung consolidation shadows, 33 34, plaque shaped consolidation shadows, 33 34, Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), 103, 105, PTB See Pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) Pulmonary candidiasis, 93, 94 Pulmonary cryptococcosis, 89, 93 Pulmonary edema type alveolar, 166, 167 interstitial lung marking and hilum, 165, 166 septal linear opacit, subpleural effusion, 166 Pulmonary fibrosis, 11 Pulmonary interstitial fibrosis clinical data, imaging manifestations, 22, 23 pathogenesis, Pulmonary signs, 11 Pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) atypical pulmonary tuberculosis hematogenous disseminated pulmonary TB, 192, 195 MDR-TB, 194, , nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease, , primary complex, secondary, 193, biological properties, 170 classification extrapulmonary tuberculosis, 174 hematogenous disseminated PTB, primary, 173 secondary, tuberculous pleurisy, 174 definition, 169 dry tuberculous pleurisy, 183, 184 prevalence, 171 source of infection, 170 susceptible population, 171 transmission route, 171 exudative tuberculous pleurisy, 183 hematogenous disseminated acute, 177 subacute and chronic, hepatic, 188, 189 history of, 169 impact of, 169 molecular test, 170 pathogenesis, 171 exudate-based lesion, hyperplasia-based lesion, 172 pathological features primary, secondary, 173 primary inflammation-type hilar lymphadenectasi, 176 intrathoracic lymphoid tuberculosis, mediastinal lymphadenectasis, 176 primary complex, 174, 175 renal, secondary caseous pneumonia, chronic fibrocavitary, infiltrative, tuberculoma, 181 tuberculous lobar pneumonia, spinal, splenic, 189 tracheal and bronchial, 183, transmission and susceptible population, 170 tuberculous meningoencephalitis, 185, virulence, 170 R Radiology abdomen complications, 97, gastrointestinal complications, 96, neoplasm, 99, peritoneal and retroperitoneal infection, 96 97, 106 chest, opportunistic infection ( see Chest) CNS manifestations acute necrotizing encephalopathy, 74 aseptic meningitis, 73

6 212 Radiology (cont. ) encephalitis/meningoencephalitis, 73 influenza-related encephalopathy, 72 secondary intracranial fungal infection, 74, 75 CNS modalities, 65 neurological complications aseptic meningitis, 159 brain stem encephalitis, encephalitis, 162, myelitis, pneumonia, 65, 66 PTB (see Pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB)) respiratory complications bronchitis type, 164 pneumonia type, 165, 166 pulmonary edema type, pulmonary hemorrhage type, 166, 168 respiratory system axillary lymphadenectasis, 68 mediastinal, 68 mediastinal emphysema, 68, modalities, plastic bronchitis, 72 pleural effusion, 68 pneumonia, pneumothorax, 68, secondary fungal infection, 72, 73 S SARS See acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) Secondary fungal infection, 72, 73 Secondary intracranial fungal infection, 74, 75 Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) chest CT manifestations initial phase, progression phase, 19, 20 recovery phase, 19, 21 chest X-ray manifestations dynamic changes, early phase, 15 ground-glass-density shadows, 15, progression phase, pulmonary consolidation shadows, 15 recovery phase, 16, 17 clinical diagnosis, clinical manifestations classification, 11 complications, 11 incubation phase, 10 signs, 11 symptoms, definition, 5 discovery of, 5 epidemic control, 5 aerosol spread, 7 area distribution characteristics, 7 droplet spread, 7 indirect/direct contact spread, 7 infectious sources, 6 7 population distribution characteristics, 7 population susceptibility, 7 time distribution characteristics, 7 etiology morphologic structure, 6 physicochemical characteristics, 6 screening and exclusion, 5 6 separation and identification, 6 imaging diagnosis aseptic necrosis, complications, pulmonary interstitial fibrosis, imaging techniques and protection, laboratory examinations antibody, 12 blood gas analysis, 11 blood routine examination, 11 PCR test, 12 peripheral blood T lymphocyte subgroup, 11 pathogenesis, 7 8 brain, 10 heart, 10 immune organs, 9 10 kidney, 10 liver, 10 lungs, 8 9 secondary infection, 10 protection requirements, 14 Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), 77 Social factors, 2 Super-spreader, 6 T Tachycardia, 11 Toxoplasmosis, 99, 101, T respiratory system, Tuberculoma, 173, 181 Tuberculosis mycobacterium tuberculosis, primary tuberculosis, 88, 89 secondary tuberculosis, 88, Tuberculous lobar pneumonia, Tuberculous meningoencephalitis, 185, U Ultrasound and liver cirrhosis, 131 pleural effusion and ascites, 131 primary liver cancer, severe viral hepatitis, 130 V Viral hepatitis CT scan HCC (see Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), CT) hepatocirrhosis (see Hepatocirrhosis) epidemiological data, 129 HAV, 124 etiological diagnosis, 129, HBV acute, 126 chronic,

7 213, 124 HCV acute, 128 chronic, 128, 124 molecular pathological examination, 128 HDV, , HEV, 125 etiology, 124, 129 MRI direct signs, , 142 HCC (see Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), MRI) indirect signs, , 143 pathogenesis, 125 PET/CT primary, relapsed/residual liver cancer, 149 remote metastasis, ultrasound and liver cirrhosis, 131 pleural effusion and ascites, 131 primary liver cancer, severe viral hepatitis, 130 Viral meningits See Aseptic Meningitis