Fall Final exam Review

Transcription

1 Fall Final exam Review Define the terms anatomy and physiology, and explain their relationship using an example of a human structure with its corresponding function. 2. List, in order from least to most complex, the levels of structural organization, discuss the relationship between the levels, and name an example at each level.

2 5. Define the term homeostasis, and explain how a homeostatic mechanism is regulated (i.e. negative feedback). 6. Identify the various anatomical surface anatomy: 1. Abdominal / Celiac 2. Acromial 3. Antebrachial 4. Brachial 5. Buccal 6. Carpal 7. Cephalic 8. Cervical 9. Costal 10. Digital 11. Dorsal 12. Femoral 13. Frontal 14. Genital 15. Gluteal 16. Inguinal 17. Lumbar 18. Mammary 19. Nasal 20. Occipital

3 21. Oral 22. Orbital 23. Otic 24. Palmar 25. Pectoral 26. Pedal 27. Pelvic/ Coxal 28. Plantar 29. Popliteal 30. Sacral 31. Sternal 32. Umbilical 33. Vertebral

4 Label the surface anatomy on the figure below:

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6 7. Name the three major body sections (planes, cuts), and describe how each would be accomplished. 8. Designate the five major human body cavities and name the organs within each on a human diagram.

7 9. Describe the nine regions of the abdominopelvic cavity, and the four quadrants of the abdominopelvic cavity and list the major organs found within each. 10. Label the four quadrants of the abdominopelvic cavity and list the major organs found within each. 11. Distinguish between visceral and parietal serous membranes, and differentiate between pericardial, pleural, and peritoneal varieties. 12. Name the function of serous fluid.

8 SYSTEM NAME ORGANS IN SYSTEM FUNCTION(S)

9 CHAPTER 3: CELLS 1. Label the cell membrane Identify & Label the cell organelles Cell organelles

10 CHAPTER 3: CELLS 2. Define the terms diffusion, osmosis, filtration and facilitated diffusion, and give an example of each. TRANSPORT PROCESS GENERAL DESCRIP-TION IS ENERGY NEEDED? CONCEN- TRATION GRADIENT EXAMPLE IN HUMANS SIMPLE DIFFUSION OSMOSIS FACILI- TATED DIFFUSION FILTRATION ACTIVE TRANSPORT ENDOCY- TOSIS EXOCYTOSIS

11 3. Describe how gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) enter and leave human cells. 4. Distinguish between a hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic solution and compare the consequences of a human cell being placed in each. 5. Describe how glucose enters and leaves most human cells. 6. Distinguish between pinocytosis and phagocytosis. pinocytosis phagocytosis 7. Distinguish between chromatin and chromosomes. 8. Name the human organ that is rich in peroxisomes. 9. Name the organelle where cellular respiration occurs. 10. Distinguish between microvilli, cilia, and flagella. 11. Name the human cell type(s) that possess a flagellum or cilia.

12 12. List a function(s) for each cellular organelle. CELL COMPONENT CELL MEMBRANE DESCRIPTION/ STRUCTURE FUNCTION(S) CYTOPLASM NUCLEUS NUCLEOLUS RIBOSOMES ROUGH ER SMOOTH ER GOLGI LYSOSOMES PEROXISOMES MITOCHONDRIA CYTOSKELETON FLAGELLA CILIA MICROVILLI CENTRIOLES

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14 CHAPTER 5: TISSUES 1. Define the term tissue. 2. Name the four primary adult tissue types, and give a brief description of each. 3. Describe the functions and types of extracellular fluid (ECF). 4. Identify the types of cell junctions and their functions. 1

15 Identify the 12 types of tissues below : -epithelium - Muscle -connective - nervous 2

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17 Label the types of epithelial 6. Explain how epithelia are nourished. 7. How are epithelial cells named? 4

18 8. For each of the following epithelial tissues (ET), give a structural description (including any special features such as cilia, goblet cells, etc.), denote a key body location, and identify its function(s): NAME OF ET DESCRIPTION STRUCTURE LOCATION FUNCTION TYPICAL SKETCH SIMPLE SQUAMOUS SIMPLE CUBOIDAL SIMPLE COLUMNAR PSEUDO- STRATIFIED COLUMNAR STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS TRANSI- TIONAL GLANDULAR 9. Distinguish between merocrine, apocrine, and holocrine exocrine glands and give an example of each. 10. Define the term carcinoma. 5

19 11. Describe the general characteristics of connective tissues (CT) and discuss the major structural differences from ET's. NAME OF CT DESCRIPTION LOCATION FUNCTION SKETCH MESENCHYME AREOLAR ADIPOSE RETICULAR DENSE REGULAR DENSE IRREGULAR ELASTIC HYALINE CARTILAGE FIBRO- CARTILAGE ELASTIC CARTILAGE BONE BLOOD 6

20 13. Explain why a CT may be either liquid (blood), semi-solid (fat), or very rigid (bone). 14. Explain why muscle cells are called fibers and define contractility. 15. Complete the chart on the types of muscles, the location, function, and sketch: NAME OF MUSCLE TISSUE DESCRIPTION OF STRUCTURE TYPE OF CONTROL LOCATION FUNCTION SKETCH SKELETAL MUSCLE SMOOTH MUSCLE CARDIAC MUSCLE 16. Identify the major cell within nervous tissue, denote the location of nervous tissue in the body, and discuss its function. 7

21 CHAPTER 6: INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM 1. Explain why the skin is called the cutaneous membrane. 2. Name the layers of the skin, describe the structure (tissues) of each, and name a general function of each. 3. Label the cell types present in the epidermis. 4. Name the pigment responsible for skin and hair color, and explain how people of different races (i.e. and skin color) differ in regards to it, and the cell that produces it. 5. List some factors that promote the production of melanin (besides DNA). 8

22 6. Explain what is meant by the term epidermal derivative, and list four examples. 7. Describe the general structure of a hair follicle. 8. Distinguish between merocrine (eccrine) and apocrine sweat glands in terms of structure, secretion content and odor, activation, and major body locations. 9. Discuss the many functions of skin. 10. Describe some major homeostatic imbalances of the skin. 11. Label the skin illustration below, and state the functions of each. 9

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