Wake Acceleration Academy - Biology Note Guide Unit 2: The Chemistry of the Cell
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1 Wake Acceleration Academy - Biology Note Guide Unit 2: The Chemistry of the Cell Extra Resources Website: Module 1: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids Vocabulary Term Carbohydrate Definition (You may use an Internet search to help define terms) Lipid Insoluble Hydrophobic Hydrophilic Nucleic Acid DNA RNA Protein 1
2 Key Questions 1. Carbohydrates are sugars or starches. The main job of carbohydrates is to provide energy and structure to organisms. Complete the following table by writing in examples of the three types of carbohydrates. Types of Carbohydrates (slide 5 of 23) *One represents one sugar molecule in the sample diagrams. Types Characteristics Examples Sample Diagram monosaccharides single sugar molecule simplest form of carbohydrates disaccharides polysaccharides double sugar molecules formed from two monosaccharide units covalent bonds links the two monosaccharide units together carbohydrates having three or more sugar molecules polymers of monosaccharide units that can be the same or different formed when monosaccharides link via covalent bonding two types: storage, structural 2. What are the three types of lipids? 3. In what form do lipids store energy? 4. Which type of lipid provides fluidity to the cell membrane making it highly flexible? 5. Which type of lipid is only present in animal cells? 2
3 6. Nucleic acids are composed of nucleotides. What makes up a nucleotide? 7. Use the diagrams below. What are the names of the four nitrogen bases found in DNA? What are the names of the four nitrogen bases found in RNA? Nucleic Acid Diagrams (for slide 12 of 23) DNA - Deoxyribonucleic Acid RNA - Ribonucleic acid Bases C is cytosine G is guanine T is thymine A is adenine Phosphate Group Bases U is uracil C is cytosine G is guanine A is adenine Ribose Sugar Phosphate Group 3
4 8. Proteins have four levels of structure: Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and Quaternary. Complete the table below on five proteins by using the information on slide 17 of the lesson. Click on the magnifying glass to reveal hidden text in the images. Proteins (use the information on slide 17 of 23 to complete the following table) Name of Protein Highest Level of Protein Structure Description/Role of Protein Oxytocin Keratin Myoglobin Collagen Hemoglobin 9. Fill in the Blanks on Denaturation of Proteins: Changes in,, and - or by the addition of,, or alter protein structure. An unfolded protein is said to be denatured. 10. List the four main functions of proteins. 4
5 Module 2: Transforming Energy Vocabulary Term Definition (You may use an Internet search to help define terms) Catabolic Pathways Anabolic Pathways Exergonic Reactions Endergonic Reactions Energy of Activation (E act or E A ) Energy Coupling Key Questions 1. Chemical reactions that take place during metabolism occur in an order known as metabolic pathways. There are two types of metabolic pathways: catabolic and anabolic. Compare the two types of pathways by completing the table below using information from the lesson. Which pathway breaks down complex molecules? Which pathway builds complicated molecules? Which pathway absorbs energy? Which pathway releases energy? Proteins are synthesized through which type of pathway? Catabolic Pathway or Anabolic Pathway Special Note: Anabolic reactions collectively are called anabolism & catabolic reactions collectively are called catabolism 5
6 2. ΔG stands for Gibbs free energy. Compare the two types of reactions, exergonic and endergonic, by completing the table below using information from the lesson. Which reaction releases free energy and has the symbol -ΔG Which reaction absorbs free energy and has the symbol +ΔG During which reaction does temperature usually decrease? During which reaction does temperature usually increase? Which type of reaction is most likely to occur spontaneously? Example: Marshmallows in a flame catch on fire Which type of reaction has a higher amount of activation energy? Exergonic Reaction or Endergonic Reaction Endergonic Reaction Exergonic Reaction Cellular respiration breaks down glucose and releases heat. This is an example of what type of reaction? Photosynthesis is an example of what type of reaction? 3. The molecule ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is a source of energy that powers cell work. ATP is a multifunctional molecule in cells that transports chemical energy for metabolism to take place. What does ATP turn into when it loses one phosphate group? What does ADP turn into when it gains a phosphate group? 4. What do animals do with the energy released in the breakdown of glucose (cellular respiration)? 6
7 Module 3: Enzymes Vocabulary Term Definition (You may use an Internet search to help define terms) Enzyme Catalyst Activation Energy (E act or E A ) Active Site (of an enzyme) Key Questions 1. Enzymes are proteins. What is the key function of enzymes? 2. What does an enzyme do to the activation energy? Does this speed up or slow down the rate of the chemical reaction? 3. The enzyme amylase binds to its substrate it what is referred to as the lock-and-key model. The substrate fits perfectly onto amylase s active site. What is the only substrate that the enzyme amylase will bind to? What is the end of product of this reaction? Another model for enzyme-substrate binding is known as the induced-fit model. In this model the active site changes to accommodate the substrate. After the substrate leaves, the active site returns to its original shape. 7
8 4. What does the enzyme lipase do? What does the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase do? 5. Enzymes are influenced by ph. At what optimum ph environment does the enzyme pepsin prefer? What happens if the ph changes? 6. Enzymes are influenced by temperature. What happens to enzymes in the body at high temperatures? What is the optimum temperature for enzymes in the body? 7. Once a substrate binds to all active sites of an enzyme (saturated enzyme), can the enzyme attach an additional substrate or does the enzyme have to wait until the reaction is completed? 8. Denaturation is when an enzyme (protein) loses its structure. Under what conditions will the enzyme pepsin denature? What is a result of denaturation of enzymes? Additional Resources: Example: Enzyme Pectinase Enzyme: Papain 8
9 Module 4: Cells: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Vocabulary Term Prokaryotic Cells Definition (You may use an Internet search to help define terms) Eukaryotic Cells Key Questions: 1. What are the two basic cell types? 2. An organelle is a structure with a specific role in the cell. Which type of cell has well-defined organelles? 3. What type of cells are found in bacteria? 4. What type of cells are found in plants, animals, fungi, and protists? 5. What are the four main similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? (slide 9 of 14) 6. A prokaryote is a single celled organism, it has only one cell. What about eukaryotes? 7. Using the tutorial and your research skills on the Internet, identify the following as examples of prokaryotes (P) or eukaryotes (E). Amoeba Lactobacillus Bacteria HIV Virus _Neither_ Yeast E. Coli Bacteria Onion Cell Human Brain Cell Salmonella 9
10 Compare the two types of cells: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Features Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells description cell size nucleus nucleolus organelles DNA features ribosomes cytoskeleton cell division reproduction examples of these types of cells Additional Resources: 10
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