Organic Molecules. 8/27/2004 Mr. Davenport 1
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1 Organic Molecules 8/27/2004 Mr. Davenport 1
2 Carbohydrates Commonly called sugars and starches Consist of C, H, O with H:O ration 2:1 Usually classified as to sugar units Monosaccharide are single sugar unit Disaccharide is a two sugars unit Polysaccharide is a many sugars unit Body uses include Utilized as a source of energy Storage (glycogen) Used in building of cellular components (membrane) Building components for other types of molecules (fats) 8/27/2004 Mr. Davenport 2
3 Monosaccharides Molecule is a single sugar unit Common monosaccharides: Glucose Fructose Galactose Ribose Deoxyribose 8/27/2004 Mr. Davenport 3
4 Isomers Molecules which have same molecular formula but different structures. Different structures gives molecules different properties Molecular formula gives kinds and numbers of atoms, such as C 6 H 12 O 6 Molecular structure shows how the molecule is designed. Glucose Fructose Galactose 8/27/2004 Mr. Davenport 4
5 Disaccharides Molecule consist of two sugar units Cane sugar is sucrose (glucose + fructose) Malt sugar is maltose (glucose + glucose) Milk sugar is lactose (galactose + glucose) 8/27/2004 Mr. Davenport 5
6 Dehydration Synthesis (to form a disaccharide) Anabolic; a synthesis reaction which joins two monosaccharides to form a disaccharide and produces a molecule of water 8/27/2004 Mr. Davenport 6
7 Hydrolysis (of disaccharide) Catabolic; a digestive reaction which breaks both the disaccharide and a water molecule to form two molecules of monosaccharides 8/27/2004 Mr. Davenport 7
8 Polysaccharide Molecule consists of many sugars units Common polysaccharides are Starch (produced by plants) Glycogen (animal starch) Both consist of repeating units of glucose (polymers) but are arranged differently Dehydration synthesis is anabolic Hydrolysis is catabolic 8/27/2004 Mr. Davenport 8
9 Starch Important as dietary source of energy Digested (hydrolysis) into glucose units Hyperglycemia (increased glucose in the blood) may be promoted by the hydrolysis of dietary polysaccharides such as starch. Hyperglycemia promotes the production of insulin. One function of insulin is to promote the uptake and storage of glucose as glycogen. Glycogen is mostly stored in liver and skeletal muscle 8/27/2004 Mr. Davenport 9
10 Glycogen Glycogen Storage form of glucose Hypoglycemia promotes production of glucagon. One function of glucagon is to promote the breakdown of glycogen to glucose (which then increases blood sugar) 8/27/2004 Mr. Davenport 10
11 Liver with glycogen depleted 8/27/2004 Mr. Davenport 11
12 Liver with glycogen available 8/27/2004 Mr. Davenport 12
13 Saccharides in Plasma Membrane Saccharides are commonly associated with the outer boundary of the cell membrane. Function include Cell identity markers Glycocalyx 8/27/2004 Mr. Davenport 13
14 Lipids 8/27/2004 Mr. Davenport 14
15 Lipids Commonly referred to as oils and fats and waxes Include: Fatty acids Glycerides Phospholipids Steroids Characteristics include: Insoluble in water and consists mostly of C, H, O (but contain very little oxygen) and may contain other atoms (or molecules) Uses include Source and storage from of energy Cell membrane structure Cushion (adipose) 8/27/2004 Insulation (adipose) Mr. Davenport 15
16 Fatty Acids Long linear molecules of carbon and hydrogen atoms with an organic acid (COOH) at one end. General formula of CH 3 (CH 2 ) n COOH Saturated fatty acid has maximum number of hydrogen atoms bonded to the CH 2 chain Unsaturated fatty acid has one or more double covalent bonds between the carbons of the CH 2 chain 8/27/2004 Mr. Davenport 16
17 Glycerides Have two building blocks Fatty acids Glycerol (modified sugar alcohol) Include the mono, di, and triglycerides Fatty Acid 8/27/2004 Mr. Davenport 17 Glycerol
18 8/27/2004 Mr. Davenport 18
19 Dehydration Synthesis (of glycerides) Either one, two, or three fatty acids are added to glycerol to produce a mono, di, or triglyceride (respectively). A water molecule is produced as each fatty acid is added 8/27/2004 Mr. Davenport 19
20 Hydrolysis (of glycerides) Mono, di, or triglycerides are split into their constituent glycerol and fatty acid/acids. The splitting of each fatty acid also requires the utilization (splitting) of a molecule of water 8/27/2004 Mr. Davenport 20
21 Phospholipids Phospholipids have a phosphate group which replaces one of the fatty acids of the triglyceride structure. Usually another molecule is also added to the phosphate group. Phospholipid (General structure) Lecithin 8/27/2004 Mr. Davenport 21
22 Amphipathic Molecules which have two sides, each with its own characteristics; especially pertaining to long molecules with each side having its own solubility Hydrophobic pertains to the nonpolar side which is not soluble in water (no interaction) Hydrophilic pertains to the polar side which is soluble in water (has interaction) 8/27/2004 Mr. Davenport 22
23 Steroids Lipids which have the general structure of four hydrocarbon rings. Hormonal steroids produced by the adrenal cortex (cortisol, mineralocorticoids) and gonads (estrogen, testosterone) are vital Cholesterol is steroid produced by liver and is used in cell membranes and in the manufacture of steroid hormones General structure of steroid Cholesterol 8/27/2004 Mr. Davenport 23
24 Proteins 8/27/2004 Mr. Davenport 24
25 Proteins Building blocks are amino acids (twenty) Consist of C, H, O, and N (mostly) Functions are dynamic to structural: Functional include some hormones, the enzymes, the antibodies, the contractile proteins, etc. Structural include proteins strands of connective tissues, cytoskeleton, etc. 8/27/2004 Mr. Davenport 25
26 Amino Acids Twenty amino acids characterized by: Having a central carbon to which is attached An amino group NH3 A organic acid COOH A single Hydrogen And an R group with is the replaceable group. 8/27/2004 Mr. Davenport 26
27 Dehydration Synthesis (of a dipeptide) Amino acids are bonded to form a larger molecule (dipeptide). The newly established covalent bond is called a peptide bond. A molecule of water is also formed by the reaction. 8/27/2004 Mr. Davenport 27
28 Hydrolysis (of a dipeptide) A dipeptide is divided into its amino acids, each of which are then stabilized by the addition of components from a water molecule 8/27/2004 Mr. Davenport 28
29 Denaturation Temperature and ph Subjecting proteins to adverse temperature and ph results in denaturation. Change of shape influences function. Primary structure remains the same, tertiary and quaternary structures change 8/27/2004 Mr. Davenport 29
30 Enzymes Substrates binds to active site Substrates are formed into product Product is released from enzyme Enzymes characterized by: Specific Substrate limit Regulation 8/27/2004 Mr. Davenport 30
31 Nucleic Acids 8/27/2004 Mr. Davenport 31
32 Nucleotides Nucleotides are the building blocks of the nucleic acids. They consist of three parts Sugar (either ribose (RNA) or deoxyribose (DNA) Phosphate group (same in RNA and DNA) Nitrogen bases In DNA consist of adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C ). Complementary pairing used in the formation of a molecule of DNA is A - T, and C - G In RNA bases are the same except uracil (U) replaces thymine (T). Complementary pairing (when seen) is A U, and C G. Used in the formation of structural design and alignment, not part of the molecular formula. 8/27/2004 Mr. Davenport 32
33 ATP Immediate source of energy (for most reactions). Mitochondria are responsible for most of energy transfer. Glucose and fatty acids are frequently used as original sources of energy. Breaking of high energy ~ bonds allows the transfer into reaction. C 6 H O 2 CO 2 + H ENERGY (ATP) 8/27/2004 Mr. Davenport 33
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organic molecule carbon based compound inorganic molecule hydrocarbon functional group hydrophilic NON-carbon based compound organic molecule made of only carbon and hydrogen group of atoms bonded to a
Competitive Inhibitor
is a substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substrate whose structure it mimics. Competitive Inhibitor Identify the following molecule: Polysaccharide
WHY IS THIS IMPORTANT?
CHAPTER 2 FUNDAMENTAL CHEMISTRY FOR MICROBIOLOGY WHY IS THIS IMPORTANT? An understanding of chemistry is essential to understand cellular structure and function, which are paramount for your understanding