Organic Compounds. (Carbon Compounds) Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

Transcription

1 Organic Compounds (Carbon Compounds) Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

2 Carbon s Bonding Behavior Outer shell of carbon has 4 electrons; can hold 8 Each carbon atom can form covalent bonds with up to four atoms

3 Bonding Arrangements of Carbon Carbon atoms can form chains or rings Other atoms attach to a carbon backbone

4 Life s Macromolecules are POLYMERS POLYMERS are made of smaller units called MONOMERS joined together

5 CONDENSATION - Joining monomers together (to make polymers) by removing water. Fig. 3.18a H 2 O HO H HO H HO Energy H HYDROLYSIS - Breaking polymers apart (into monomers) by adding water. Fig. 3.18b HO H Energy H 2 O HO H HO H

6 1. Carbohydrates - Sugars Most sugars have names that end in -ose Monomers= monosaccharides Monosaccharides are simple, sweet sugars - The monosaccharide most used by your body is glucose! - Table sugar is sucrose, a disaccharide of 2 simple sugars. Polysaccharides are polymers of monosaccharides, not so sweet! They are complex sugars - 3 important polysaccharides are Glycogen, Starch, Cellulose.

7 Definition Picture Example Uses A single sugar Glucose Energy for the body! Monosaccharides

8 Definition Picture Example Uses Chain of 2 sugars Sucrose Processed sugars make food and candy! Disaccharides

9 Definition Picture Example Uses Many sugars Glycogen Storage of sugar in the liver Starch Plants storage of sugar Cellulose Plant cell walls Polysaccharides

10 Glycogen Sugar storage in animal cells (like yours!) Large stores in muscle and liver cells When blood sugar decreases, liver cells break down glycogen and release glucose

11 Starch Found in plant cells Storage of excess sugar! Easily digested (pasta, potatoes, rice, bread, etc.)

12 Cellulose Found in plant cell walls (animal cells don t have cell walls) Tough, indigestible, structural material in plants, used for structural strength in standing tall!

13 2. Lipids Known mostly as Fats and include: Triglycerides (the most common in your body) Oils Wax (yes, like the stuff in your ears) Cholesterol Phospholipids Non-polar, hydrophobic (ex: oil and water)

14 The Benefits of Body Fat 1. Stored energy 2. Insulation 3. Protection 4. Buoyancy

15 Triglycerides = monomer of lipids This most common type of fat in animals (yes, including you!) Made of 3 fatty acid tails attached to a glycerol backbone

16 Saturated v. Unsaturated Fats Kinks in the tails of unsaturated fatty acids makes them un-crowded, so they stay farther apart, and are liquid at room temp!

17 Saturated v. Unsaturated Fats Saturated Fats usually from animals (solid at room temp!) Unsaturated Fats usually from plants (Oils!)

18 Phospholipids Phospholipids are the main components of cell membranes! That s right! No fats, no cells, no you!

19 3. Nucleic Acids Made of monomers called nucleotides These are the code carrying molecules in all living things! (We will learn much more about them later in the year) Cytosine Adenine They include: - Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) and - Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

20 4. Proteins Also called polypeptides Monomers= amino acids A protein is a chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds Proteins are important : - (a) build you up - (b) Do the body s work (carry out chemical reactions these are called enzymes)

21 How to build a protein: Step 1 - Primary Structure Simply the sequence (order) of amino acids Unique for each protein

22 How to build a protein: Step 2 - Secondary Structure Only 2 folded shapes: Helix (spiral) or pleated sheet

23 How to build a protein: Step 3 - Tertiary Structure Involving: secondary structures fold and interact with each other

24 Some proteins are more complicated and need a Quaternary Structure Quaternary structures are made up of more than one tertiary polypeptide chain Hemoglobin is a great example of quaternary structure!

25 Proteins can be denatured (broken down) by extreme ph or temperature