Refresher: What do we remember about CARBON? What makes it special? Nickname? Where do we find it?

Transcription

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2 2.3: Carbon Based Molecules

3 Situation: You are tasked with making Chicken Parm and ziti for you entire family (aunts, uncles, cousins, etc). There are 92 different ingredients you have access to in the kitchen. Do you use all of them? Why or why not? Of the 92 naturally existing elements on the Earth, only 25 play a role in the chemical processes of life. Of these 25, four elements constitute more than 98 percent of all biological matter: carbon (C), oxygen (O), hydrogen (H), and nitrogen (N)

4 Refresher: What do we remember about CARBON? What makes it special? Nickname? Where do we find it?

5 Carbon Building block of life Found in all living things! building block it can bond with 4 other atoms, including other carbons! Commonly found in all 3 forms on earth Solid, liquid, or gas

6 Carbon continued: Each carbon has 4 valence electrons It can form 4 strong covalent bonds with other molecules Can bond with other carbons Can form 3 different shapes when bonded together:

7 Macromolecules Formed by a process known as polymerization Small units called monomers join together to form larger polymers 4 major macromolecules/polymers in our bodies: 1. Carbohydrates 2. Proteins 3. Lipids 4. Nucleic Acids

8 Macromolecules are the ingredients of life! All organisms either need to synthesize or ingest all of the macromolecules in order to survive Also. Biological molecule = Carbon-based molecule = Organic molecule Same thing! Just different names

9 Carbohydrates Energy-rich compounds made of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen that are often found in a ring shape The ratio of Carbon:Hydrogen:Oxygen is usually 1:2:1 One of the most important carbohydrates in our body is the monomer glucose

10 Carbs continued Carbohydrate polymers are made from single sugar monomers called monosaccharides Examples of monosaccharides (aka simple sugars): Glucose, galactose (found in milk), and fructose (found in fruits) When 3 or more monosaccharides are combined a polymer called a polysaccharide forms

11 Example of a disaccharide: + = Glucose Fructose Table sugar (sucrose)

12 Example of a polysaccharide (storage): = Cellulose

13 Important Carbohydrates: Living things break down simple sugars (glucose) as their main source of SHORT TERM energy In animals: Glycogen- energy stored in liver and skeletal muscle Stored energy In between meals and during physical activity, glycogen is broken down into glucose In Plants: Cellulose is used to give the cell wall structure **Think of stringy and tough celery In other organisms: Chitin is a polysaccharide that makes up the hard outer shell (aka exoskeleton) of shrimp, lobsters, some insects, and cell wall of some fungi

14 Lipids Fats Oils Waxes Steroids

15 Lipids Lipids are commonly referred to as fats Fats and oils are 2 types of lipids that store large amounts of *****LONG TERM ***** energy Fats are usually solid at room temperature Oils are usually liquid Lipids are usually NOT soluble in water!

16 Lipids Triglycerides are formed when a glycerol molecule combines with compounds called fatty acids (that are in chain form). If each carbon atom in a lipid s fatty acid chain is joined to another carbon atom by a single bond, the lipid is said to be saturated.

17 Saturated lipids: Single bond = Saturated = Solid These foods are generally bad for you and cause high cholesterol. Examples: butter, lard, fatty beef, processed foods

18 Lipids If there is at least one carbon-carbon double bond in a fatty acid, it is unsaturated. Lipids whose fatty acids contain more than one double bond are polyunsaturated. Lipids that contain unsaturated fatty acids tend to be liquid at room temperature (like oils).

19 Monomer: Triglyceride

20 Other examples of lipids and functions: Waxes Used to coat and protect things in nature EX: Ear wax, bee honeycombs, plants Plants use waxes on their surface to prevent water from evaporating Steroids A ring shaped hormone found in animals Affects many functions in the body by sending chemical messages

21 Lipids in cells: All cell membranes are made of a lipid called a phospholipid A phospholipid has a glycerol head and 2 fatty acid tails The lipids of a cell membrane prevent the contents of the cell from being dissolved in water (remember, lipids are usually NOT soluble in water)

22 Proteins

23 Proteins Proteins are macromolecules that contain nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Proteins are polymers of monomers called amino acids There are 20 kinds of amino acids All a.a. end in -ine

24 Quick Math If there are 20 different amino acids and we put together different combinations of them in groups of 20, how many possibilities could we reach? (this is not realistic as some proteins have more or less amino acids than 20) 20 x 19 x 18 x 17 x ! e+18

25 Proteins Proteins have the most different forms of all the macromolecules Your body makes 12 amino acids you need to ingest the others from foods like: Meat Beans Nuts

26 Proteins Different amino acids are strung together into chains according to the letter code written in nucleic acids (DNA and RNA). The three letter codes in the RNA correspond to a particular amino acid.

27 Proteins More than 2 amino acids strung together make a polypeptide. (a protein polymer) Amino Acids Protein Molecule

28 Proteins The bonds between amino acids are called peptide bonds Peptide bonds are covalent bonds

29 Proteins - functions Some proteins control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes. (Enzymes) Some proteins are used to form bones and muscles. Other proteins transport substances into or out of cells or help to fight disease.

30 Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids are macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) are polymers assembled from individual monomers known as nucleotides. Nucleotides

31 Nucleic Acids Nucleotides consist of three parts: a 5-carbon sugar a phosphate group a nitrogenous base Individual nucleotides can be joined by covalent bonds to form a polynucleotide, or nucleic acid.

32 Nucleic Acids There are two kinds of nucleic acids, ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). RNA has the sugar ribose. DNA has the sugar deoxyribose (one less oxygen)

33 Function of Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids, like DNA, stores genetic information They have the information for our traits and are passed down from parent to offspring RNA has the information for the cell to build proteins