2.3: Carbon-Based Molecules Notes

Transcription

1 2.3: Carbon-Based Molecules Notes Carbon-based molecules are the of life. Bonding Properties of Carbon Carbon forms bonds with up to other atoms, including other carbon atoms. QUESTION: What types of elements are found in covalent compounds? QUESTION: What happens to the electrons when a covalent bond forms between two atoms? Structure of Carbon-Based Molecules Three general types: 1. chain 2. chain 3. Many carbon-based molecules are made of many small subunits bonded together. are the subunits. are made of many. Draw & label diagram here: Four Types of Carbon-Based Molecules 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids ALL four are found in things. Carbohydrates Made of elements,, and ( ) Include and starches Pasta, bread, and fruit are high in carbohydrates

2 Structure of Carbohydrates - means simple sugars Ex:, galactose, Disaccharide monosaccharide molecules bonded together, or table sugar, made of one glucose and one fructose molecule Polymer of monosaccharides starches,, and glycogen Function of Carbohydrates Can be broken down to provide for. Glucose-main source of for, product of Provide with energy Sugar rush then crash Some carbohydrates are part of cell. Cellulose-makes up the cell of cells Lipids Organic molecules made of the elements,, and ( ) molecules QUESTION: What does nonpolar mean? Do dissolve in QUESTION: Why does oil and water not mix? Include,, cholesterol, and wax Structure of Lipids acids bonded to Fatty acids- chains Two different types of fatty acids found in fats and oils: fatty acids all carbon-carbon bonds are bonds fatty acids at least one carbon-carbon bond is a bond Draw a Glycerol Functions of Lipids Used for term Make up Phospholipid bilayer QUESTION: What is the function of the cell membrane? Used to make (males) & (females) and organisms - substance that coats of plants to help prevent water loss

3 Lipid Polymer- Consists of, fatty acids (nonpolar tails) and a group (polar head of molecule) Makes up cell membranes Draw and label a phospholipid Draw a cell membrane Lipid Polymer- Draw and label a triglyceride Consists of and fatty acids Type of fat found in your. Your body uses them for. You need some triglycerides for good health. But triglycerides can your risk of and may be a sign of metabolic syndrome Nucleic Acids EXTREMELY long carbon-based molecules made of,,,, and ( ) Structure of Nucleic Acids Monomer made of a five-carbon, group, and a base. 5 kinds:,,,, & Polymers -Deoxyribonuleic Acid -Ribonucleic Acid Function of Nucleic Acids DNA genetic information RNA builds using information from DNA Draw and label a nucleotide Proteins organic molecules made of,,, and ( ) to all Draw and label an amino acid Structure of Proteins Monomer Contain an group and a group to give a protein its and bonds form between amino acids to form chains Organisms use different amino acids to build proteins Your body makes, others come from you eat

4 Polymer Also called - Each protein has a of amino acids amino acid and/or the protein s and Function of Proteins Building and connecting materials of living things -forms, tendons,, and cartilage Take part in and transport materials Hormones, antibodies, and -lasting source than carbohydrates because broken down more Involved in,, etc. as well 2.5: Enzymes Notes Enzymes are for chemical in things. Chemical Reactions Substances are into different substances by and chemical are changed to form Cell growth, reproduction, interaction with the environment, and response to stimuli are the result of a chemical reaction Catalysts activation energy up chemical reactions Activation Energy that needs to be for a chemical reaction to Energy in order to react bonds and form ones Rate of Chemical Reactions Biochemical reactions must occur at certain, or rates, in order to be useful. Rate of a reaction depends on: of the chemicals Enzymes as Catalysts Enzymes are Makes reactions that happen in cells activation energy and up reaction rate Without enzymes, many reactions would happen Others would occur too for the organism to survive Enzyme will be used up or changed during the reaction Structure of Enzymes Gives reactants a site where they can come together to react -reactants affected by enzyme Substrates bind to the site of substrate and active site are, or opposite

5 Fit together like a and Lock and Key Model how enzymes only to to the enzyme An organism may have of enzymes Each is to one chemical reaction An depends on its. Functions of Enzymes Energy-releasing enzymes cell functions Enzymes in cells produce neurotransmitters to carry impulses from nerves to muscles cells have enzymes that are triggered in response to the neurotransmitters contains enzyme Catalyzes reaction in your blood where carbon dioxide combines with water to form carbonic acid Makes reaction one million times faster so that carbon dioxide does not build up in your blood, which could be fatal Enzyme in the Speeds up digestion of lipids in can enzymes from. Enzymes function best in a small range of conditions. Changes in and can break hydrogen bonds. Destroyed at temperatures above Work best at ph of