Loose Ends. Reactions. Polymers
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- Jeffrey Manning
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1 Today Loose Ends Reactions Polymers
2 Names for isolated groups -OH Hydroxyl -NH2 Amino O -C- Carbonyl O -C-O Carboxyl
3 Vitamin D4
4 Our friend the benzene ring
5 Another important Functional Group Phenol
6 Nomenclature Number carbons clockwise with #1 starting at the functional group 3 methyl phenol
7 The chemistry of phenols is A. essentially the same as that of primary alcohols B. essentially the same as that of secondary alcohols C. essentially the same as that of tertiary alcohols D. differs substantially from alcohols
8 Primary Secondary Tertiary Amine R-NH2 R,R -NH R,R,R -N NH2 NH N 1-methyl ethyl amine methyl ethyl amine dimethyl ethyl amine
9 Primary Secondary Tertiary Alcohol RCH2OH RCHOH RCOH OH OH HO 1 propanol 2 propanol 2-methyl 2-butanol
10 2 butanol is a A. primary alcohol B. secondary alcohol C. tertiary alcohol
11 Important Reaction for Biochemistry Formation of an Amide They don't call them functional groups for nothing Carboxylic Acid O Primary Amine H R C OH H N R'
12 Carboxylic Acid O Primary Amine H R C OH H N R' O H R C N R' + H2O Amide + Water CONDENSATION REACTION
13 Amino Acid O H2N C C OH R Carboxylic End and Amine End Can react with itself (or similar molecules) in a chain
14 Polypeptide Two distinct ends N-terminus is an amine C-terminus is a carboxylic acid
15 Such a compound is called a polymer monomer polymer really really big molecule macromolecule polyethylene = plastic shopping bag Addition Reaction (combined no other molecule lost )
16 Another addition polymerization Polystyrene styrofoam
17 Biopolymer (polymer that is biologically relevant) monomer = amino acid Condensation Polymerization
18 Polypeptides have unique structures that give them function (proteins) binding site might be an enzyme (catalyst)
19 primary structure = sequence secondary structure = folds tertiary structure = 3-D arrangment quaternary structure = interactions with other proteins
20 Triglycerides (same condensation reaction) Gylcerol Fatty Acid (carboxylic acid with long chain) HO OH OH C12H25COOH O C12H25CO O O OCC12H25 OCC12H25 Makes Trigylceride
21 The three fatty acids can all be the same or different High levels of triglycerides is linked to build up of plaque in the arteries = heart disease saturated fats all sp 3 carbon (no double bonds) strong intermolecular forces solid (lard, crisco,...) unsaturated fats some sp 2 carbon (some double bonds) weaker intermolecular forces liquid (canola oil, olive oil,...)
22 Condensation reaction for two alcohols Alcohol Alcohol R OH HO R' R O R' + H2O Ether + Water
23 Sugars Glucose (key factor for sugars lots of hydroxyls) They can react to form chains of sugars polysaccharide
24 Celluose Very long ether chain (pretty much all plant material)
25 Polysaccharide (Starch) Sugars, Carbohydrates monosaccharides (one) disaccharides (two) polysaccharides (many)
26 α Glucose β Glucose
27 β 1,4 linkage polysaccharide Cellulose α 1,4 linkage polysaccharide Starch/Carbohydrate
28 Condensation Reactions (two molecules make one + water) Carboxylic Acid + Amine = Amide + water Carboxylic Acid + Alcohol = Ester + water Alcohol + Alcohol = Ether + water
29 Structurally what is different between RNA and DNA A. the phosphate B. the sugar C. the base
30 Structurally what is different between RNA and DNA A. the phosphate B. the sugar C. the base
31 Other important biopolymers (RNA and DNA) Three pieces Base, Sugar, Phosphate RNA sugar DNA sugar
32 Base units (4 DNA base units) guanidine pyrimidine
33 Put it all together and you get a polymer opposite of this reaction is hydrolysis
34 what about tertiary structure? double helix due to hydrogenbonds
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