Details of Organic Chem! Date. Carbon & The Molecular Diversity of Life & The Structure & Function of Macromolecules
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1 Details of Organic Chem! Date Carbon & The Molecular Diversity of Life & The Structure & Function of Macromolecules
2 Functional Groups, I Attachments that replace one or more of the hydrogens bonded to the carbon skeleton of the hydrocarbon Each has a unique property from one organic to another Hydroxyl Group H bonded to O; alcohols; polar (oxygen); solubility in water
3 Functional Groups, II Carboxyl Group O double bonded to C to hydroxyl; carboxylic acids; covalent bond between O and H; polar; dissociation, H ion Amino Group N to 2 H atoms; amines; acts as a base (+1) Sulfhydral Group sulfur bonded to H; thiols Phosphate Group phosphate ion; covalently attached by 1 of its O to the C skeleton;
4 Polymers Covalent monomers Condensation reaction (dehydration reaction):one monomer provides a hydroxyl group while the other provides a hydrogen to form a water molecule Hydrolysis: bonds between monomers are broken by adding water (digestion)
5 Carbohydrates, I Monosaccharides CH2O formula; multiple hydroxyl (OH) groups and 1 carbonyl (C=O) group: 1:2:1 Ratio of C-H-O C6H12O6 cellular respiration; Glucose the most common monosaccharide
6 Carbohydrates, II Disaccharides glycosidic linkage (covalent bond) between 2 monosaccharides; covalent bond by dehydration reaction Sucrose (table sugar) most common disaccharide
7 Carbohydrates, III The REALLY big carbs! Polysaccharides Structural: Cellulose~ most abundant organic compound; Chitin~ exoskeletons; cell walls of fungi; surgical thread
8 Lipids I Made of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids 3 main types of lipids: Fats, phospholipids, steroids All are Hydrophobic All contain a Carboxyl group = fatty acid Ester linkages bind the 3 fatty acids to the 1 glycerol (dehydration formation)
9 Lipids, II
10 Phospholipids 2 fatty acids instead of 3 Add in on phosphate group Tails hydrophobic; heads hydrophilic Bilayer (double layer);cell membranes
11 Steroids Lipids with 4 fused carbon rings Ex: cholesterol: cell membranes; precursor for other steroids (sex hormones); atherosclerosis
12 Proteins Importance: Instrumental in nearly everything organisms do; 50% dry weight of cells; most structurally sophisticated molecules known Monomer: amino acids (there are 20) bind together to form peptide bonds, during dehydration reactions. The functional group in proteins are: carboxyl (-C=O-OH) group, and an amino group (NH2), Proteins have a three-dimensional shape (conformation), that fits one of four categories based on complexity.
13 Primary Structure Conformations: 1) Primary: Linear structure Simplest form the bonded amino acids can take. EX; Poly peptide chain of amino acids Meth-lys-leu-ala-try
14 Secondary Structure 2) Secondary: These are folded linear structures which increases the complexity by coils & folds that occur between the hydrogen bonds. There are 2 possible outcomes: Alpha Helix: coiling; Ex: keratin Beta Pleated Sheet: parallel; Ex: silk
15 Tertiary Structure 3) Tertiary: Irregular contortions form from hydrogen bonds, causes an irregular structure to form.
16 Quaternary Structure Last and largest Conformation structure is 4) Quaternary: Massive complex that contains all other confirmations combined. These make up all enzymes in the body. EX: hemoglobin
17
18 Nucleic Acids, I Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Ribonucleic acid (RNA) Monomers of nucleotides : nitrogenous base pentose sugar phosphate group Functional groups are amino NH2 and a phosphate OPO3 Nitrogenous bases: pyrimidines~cytosine, thymine, uracil purines~adenine, guanine Review base pair binding rules!
19 SUMMARY Bio-chemistry is the study of organic compounds and how they assist in structure and function of life. Carbon chains are versatile based on functional groups. (There are 7) The 4 main classes of bio-chemical organic classes/groups are described on the next slide!
20 M= monomer (building blocks) P= polymer Carbohydrates: monosaccharides (m) form disaccharides form polysaccharides (p) that make up complex carbs Lipids: glycerol (m) & fatty acids (m) form lipids (p), steroids (p) and phospholipids (p) Proteins- amino acids (m) form 4 different conformational proteins (p). Nucleic acids- nitrogenous base (m), pentose sugar (m) and phosphates (m) make up DNA (p) or RNA (p)
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