OPTION GROUP: BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES 2 LIPIDS & PHOSPHOLIPIDS WORKBOOK
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1 NAME: OPTION GROUP: BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES 2 LIPIDS & PHOSPHOLIPIDS WORKBOOK
2
3 Instructions REVISION CHECKLIST AND ASSESSMENT OBJECTIVES Regular revision throughout the year is essential. It s vital you keep a track of what you understand and what you don t understand. This booklet is designed to help you do this. Use the following key to note how well you understand the work after your revision. Put the letter R, A or G in the table. If you place an R or an A then you should make a note of what you are struggling with and the end of this book under the relevant section and seek help with this. Key R = Red. I am not confident about my knowledge and understanding A = Amber. I am fairly confident about my knowledge and understanding G = green. I am very confident about my knowledge and understanding AO1 Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of scientific ideas, processes, techniques and procedures. AO2 Apply knowledge and understanding of scientific ideas, processes, techniques and procedures: In a theoretical context In a practical context When handling qualitative data
4 When handling quantitative data AO3 Analyse, interpret and evaluate scientific information, ideas and evidence, including in relation to issues, to: Make judgments and reach conclusions Develop and refine practical design and procedures The ability to select, organise and communicate information and ideas coherently using appropriate scientific conventions and vocabulary will be tested across the AO.
5 The following points are what you need to know, revise and answer questions on. Lipids and Phospholipids 1. Can you name the elements that make up a lipid and a phospholipid? 2. Can you name the components (monomers) of a lipid and phospholipid? 3. Can you name the reaction by which these monomers are joined together? 4. Can you draw an annotated diagram to show this reaction? 5. Can you state the name of the bond that joins the monomers of a lipid/phospholipid together? 6. Can you state the name of the reaction that will break the bonds between the monomers of a lipid/phospholipid? Can you state the products of this reaction? Can you draw an annotated diagram to show this reaction? 7. Can you describe the functions of lipids/phospholipids? 8. Can you explain the difference in a solid animal fat and a liquid plant oil in terms of the structure of the fatty acids? 9. Can you explain why an animal fat is solid at room temperature but a plant oil is a liquid. 10. Can you state the differences between lipids and phospholipids? 11. Can you state which type of fat when eaten in high amounts can course coronary heart disease. 12. Can you relate the terms hydrophobic and hydrophilic to the structure of a lipid and phospholipid? 13. Can you describe the chemical test for a lipid? 14. Can you explain if a lipid is a polymer or not? Application of Knowledge 15. Can you apply your knowledge of lipids and phospholipids to unfamiliar scenarios? Place an R, A or G when you have revised and make notes of what you do not understand in the relevant section at the back of this booklet.
6 WORD BANK Below is a list of some key words and phrases you will need to learn and understand in this lipid and phospholipid section. 1. Amphiphilic. 2. Atheroma 3. Bilayer. 4. Carbon-carbon double bond. 5. Carbon-carbon single bond. 6. Carboxyl group 7. Cholesterol 8. Coronary Artery. 9. Ester Bond. 10. Fatty acid tails. 11. Fatty acid. 12. Glycerol. 13. HDL high density lipoprotein. 14. Heart Disease. 15. Hydrocarbon chain. 16. Hydrophilic. 17. Hydrophobic. 18. Kink. 19. LDL low density lipoprotein. 20. Lipid. 21. Monounsaturated. 22. Oil. 23. Partially soluble. 24. Phosphate head. 25. Phospholipid Bilayer 26. Polar head. 27. Polyunsaturated. 28. Saturated fatty acids. 29. Thrombus. 30. Triglyceride. 31. Unsaturated fatty acids.
7 FATS, LIPIDS AND OILS SELF-STUDY EXERCISE Part of this topic will be covered by independent study using my resources at the link below. The self-study exercise will cover 1-7, 10, from the revision grid. Ensure you look at these point to monitor your progress. Also look at the word bank to ensure you know the right vocabulary. Completion date: Look at my videos and the3 digital resources and answer the following questions Complete the questions below 1. Name the molecule present in all lipids 2. Is a lipid a polymer? 3. State the elements found in a lipid and phospholipid. 4. How many molecules of water will be released by the complete hydrolysis of a triglyceride.
8 5. Draw an annotated diagram below of the formation and complete breakdown of a triglyceride.
9 6. Are lipids fully digested in the human digestive system? Explain your answer. 7. Is cholesterol a lipid? 8. Where are lipids synthesised? 9. Compare the structure of a saturated and unsaturated fatty acid. 10. What group does the end carbon of a fatty acid form? 11. Compare the structure of a triglyceride and a phospholipid. 12. Draw a diagram to show a monounsaturated fatty acid.
10 13. Referring to the table below answer the following questions. a. What effect does an increase in the number of double bonds have on the melting point of a fatty acid? b. What effect does an increase in the number of carbon atoms have on the melting point of a fatty acid? Explain your answer. c. Explain why most polyunsaturated oils are liquid at room temperature.
11 14. The image below is of a phospholipid. a. Label this image. b. Does the phospholipid have any unsaturated fatty acids? Explain your answer. c. Phospholipids were poured carefully into a petri dish containing water. Draw how the phospholipids would arrange themselves in the diagram of the petri dish below. Explain your answer.
12 d. The phospholipids from part c were added to a sealed bottle of water and shaken. Draw below how the phospholipids would arrange themselves. Explain your answer.
13 15. The images below are some examples of lipids or where lipids can be found in nature, organisms or food. Image 1 = butter, image 3 = margarine, image 6 = Schwann cell, image 8 = cell membrane, image 9 = a hormone found in males A 5 6 B a. Are there any biochemical differences/similarities between a lipid, fat and an oil? b. Can you name the molecule in image 9 and the type of biological molecule it is? c. How does the biochemical properties of the molecules in image 8 and image 6 differ from the molecules in the other images? d. Can you suggest a melting temperature for the molecule in image 4 and 7? Can you provide a basic explanation for your answer? Answer in the tables below:
14 Question a. Are there any biochemical differences/similarities between a lipid, fat and an oil? Answer Question b. Can you name the molecule in image 9 and the type of biological molecule it is? Answer Question c. How does the chemical properties of the molecules in image 8 and image 6 differ from the molecules in the other images? Answer
15 Question d. Can you suggest a melting temperature for the molecule in image 4 and 7? Can you provide a basic explanation for your answer? Answer e. In image 5 can you suggest suitable a scientific name for labels A and B? f. Can you suggest a scientific name for the arrangement of the molecules in image 8? g. In organisms the arrangement of molecules in image 8 does not form this sheet structure, explain why.
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