Effect of Unsaturated Acyl Chains on Structural Transformations in Triacylglycerols. Oleksandr Mykhaylyk. Chris Martin
|
|
- Sylvia White
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Effect of Unsaturated Acyl hains on Structural Transformations in Triacylglycerols leksandr Mykhaylyk Department of hemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7HF, UK hris Martin STF Daresbury Laboratory, Warrington, heshire, WA4 4AD, UK rystallisation and Physical Properties of Fat: From Molecules to Market, June 2008, Ghent University, Belgium
2 Motivation Apart from double and triple chain type of packing common in stable crystal structures of triacylglycerols there is an evidence for another organization of molecules occurring at the very beginning of crystallization from the melt before the formation of the stable crystal structures.
3 utline Stable triacylglycerol phases bservations of transient phases of triacylglycerols Structure of the transient phases Transformation of the transient phases
4 Packing of alkane chains within a layer of triacylglycerols 2L 3L b ort b hex a hex c ort, c hex a ort H // M // T // sub-α α β β
5 P o w d e r e ll 2. 2 rystal structure and X-ray powder diffraction pattern of β-tristearin (SSS) b c a L Lamellar periodicity in the crystal structure of β-sss 4669 SSS b c a Subcell structure formed by packing of acyl chains in the crystal structure of β-sss SAXS region WAXS region Notes. Structural data were taken from the ambridge rystallographic Database, published in A. van Langevelde et al., Acta ryst. B57, 2001, p.372. omputer programme Powderell 2.4 were used for the structural presentaton and calculations of the diffraction pattern (wavelength of X-ray radiation = 1.4Å)
6 Projection of the electron density along the layer normal reconstructed from X-ray scattering patterns 2-chain packing of triacylglycerols (2L) 3-chain packing of triacylglycerols (3L) 001 α1 002 γ Intensity, a. u. SSS q, Å α1 X-ray scattering 002 pattern α1 001 γ Intensity, a. u. 003 γ 004 γ 005 γ 007 γ SLnS q, Å S(z), electrons/å z, Å Projection of the electron density 1 S( z) = L l= 1 2πlz k( l) F( l) cos L S(z), electrons/å z, Å motif of packing (atomic positions) 2L 3L
7 Time resolved SAXS of isothermal crystallization of StSt α 1 (2L) phase α2 StSt α1 StSt γ StSt Period of lamella,l 54 Å 49 Å 72 Å 002γ γ (3L) 001α 1 004γ 001α 2 001γ 002α 1 003α 1 003γ 005γ T=30 T=20 004α 2 002α q, Å -1 T=55 What is this?
8 ocoa butter phase transitions SAXS of a cocoa butter cooled to 20 with a shear rate of 3 s-1 ocoa butter composition TAG % L PL PLP P PLSt PP St StLSt PSt PPSt StSt PStSt StAr StStSt Saturated TAG Monounsaturated TAG Polyunsaturated TAG Total Form II SAXS of a cocoa butter cooled to 20 (after MacMillan S. D. et al., rystal Growth and Design, V.2, 2002) Form I T=20 T=0 T= ? q, Å 0.5 SAXS of a cocoa butter cooled to 0 and heated up to 20
9 Isothermal crystallization of triacylglycerols (time resolved SAXS ) Lard PP St q, Å q, Å q, Å ??? This phase are restricted to pure TAGs containing both saturated and unsaturated acyl chains or mixtures thereof including natural fats
10 Isothermal crystallization of triacylglycerols with 18 acyl chains (time resolved SAXS) All chains are saturated: Tristearin (StStSt) All chains are unsaturated: Triolein () α 1 -phase, hexagonal 001 α1 α 1 -phase d=4.32 Å d=4.01 Å 001 α1 100 α1 003 α1 SAXS WAXS temperature temperature 273 K 348 K q, Å -1 q, Å -1 Blends StStSt + SAXS 223 K 313 K WAXS q, Å -1 q, Å -1 Saturated and unsaturated chains: StLnSt 95 wt% StStSt 5 wt% 67 wt% StStSt 33 wt% 001 2L 002 2L 003 2L 001 2L 003 2L 001 α2 002 α2 SAXS α 2 -phase 100 α2 WAXS q, Å -1 q, Å K 353 K temperature 003 α2 004 α2 temperature 273 K 323 K q, Å -1 q, Å -1
11 Isothermal crystallization of StLnSt γ phase 001α2 002α2 100α2 001sub-α2 peak sub-α2 003 sub-α2 peak sub-α2 005 sub-α2 110 sub-α2 200 sub-α2 001γ Transient structures: sub-α 2 phase, orthorhombic α 2 phase, hexagonal temperature q, Å -1 q, Å -1 SAXS WAXS
12 Isothermal crystallization of PP 001 sub-α2 peak sub-α2 peak 2 Transient structures: sub-α 2 phase, orthorhombic 110 sub-α2 200 sub-α2 001 α2 002 α2 α 2 phase, hexagonal 100 α2 Temperature q, Å -1 q, Å -1 SAXS WAXS after Mykhaylyk et al, J. Appl. ryst., 2007, p. s297.
13 The evolution of the structural characteristics of the α 2 -phase TAG Initial stage Final stage L, Å d, Å L, Å d, Å onditions of quenching StSt , PP 52.0 n/a n/a n/a StLnSt , PLnP , St PP , after Mykhaylyk et al, J. Appl. ryst., 2007, p. s297.
14 Four groups of projections of the electron density profile on the layer normal 001 α2 002 α2 S'(z), a. u. a -1, -1, 1, -1 (1, -1, -1, -1) -1, -1, -1, -1 (1, -1, 1, -1) b -1, 1, 1, -1 (1, 1, -1, -1) -1, 1, -1, -1 (1, 1, 1, -1) y, 003 α2 004 α2 S'(z), a. u. d 25 Å -1, -1, 1, 1 (1, -1, -1, 1) -1, -1, -1, 1 (1, -1, 1, 1) c -1, 1, 1, 1 (1, 1, -1, 1) -1, 1, -1, 1 (1, 1, 1, 1) q, Å -1 SAXS pattern of α 2 -StSt z, Å z, Å S(z), electrons/å L packing z, Å
15 Two important observations! The α 2 -phase forms during quenching from the melt; therefore, the structural organization of this phase should resemble supramolecular ordering of triacylglycerols in the melt This phase is observed only in mixed saturated/unsaturated triacylglycerols
16 What do we know about liquid alkanes?
17 Alkane in gas, liquid and solid state H 4 2 H 6 4 H 10 5 H 12 8 H H 42 methane ethane butane pentane natural gas liquefied petroleum gas melting points boiling points octane Temperature, room temperature number of carbon atoms per molecular chain hexadecane petrol and diesel eicosane Alkanes are non-polar only weak intermolecular forces act between the alkane molecules
18 Folding of polymer chains Schematic drawing of a chain-folded polymer crystal (after Ungar G. & Zeng X., hemical Reviews, V. 101, 2001) Integer folded forms observed in long n-alkanes, for a given alkane more folds per molecule can be obtained with increasing supercooling. Structure of the chain fold in crystalline monoclinic cycloalkane c-(h2)34 (after Kay H. F. & Newman B. A., Acta ryst., B24, 1968)
19 Models for supramolecular ordering in liquid triacylglycerides StLnSt in a liquid state at 50 d ~ 26 Å d ~ 4.6 Å SAXS WAXS Intensity,a. u. Intensity, a. u. Smectic model by Larson, q, Å -1 q, Å -1 Discotic model by orkery et al, 2007 Nematic model by ebula et al, 1992
20 What do we know about unsaturated - bonds in alkyl chains?
21 Fatty acids Stearic acid leic acid Linoleic acid (ω-6) L L L Linoleic acid (ω-6) is one of the two essential fatty acids (the other is alpha-linolenic acid, ω-3) that humans require. They are "essential" because they can not be produced by the human body.
22 Phospholipids Phosphatidyl choline (lecithin) choline N + Polar hydrophilic head N + phosphate - P - P glycerol Unsaturated chain Saturated chain nonpolar hydrophobic tails A double bond makes an unsaturated chain The kink (or kinks) prevent close packing
23 S'(z), a. u. onsidering the group a) z, Å 20 17Å 54.3Å 0 -The position of the glycerol residues does not match the distance measured from the electron density profile; -The structure has the mass density far below the mass density of the liquid state -The mass density of the structure is very large (~1.4 g/cm 3 ); -Acyl chains are not straight; -Hexagonal packing of the acyl chains within the layer is unlikely
24 Possible dimeric units in liquid triacylglycerols Four chains interaction Two chains interaction
25 onsidering the group d) d Representative models of packing of StSt molecules in dimers (projections onto the slide plane), which is likely to be formed in the liquid state before the formation of the α 2 -phase S'(z), a. u. 25 Å -1, -1, 1, 1 (1, -1, -1, 1) -1, -1, -1, 1 (1, -1, 1, 1) z, Å 21.0 Å 3.5 Å 21.0 Å 3.4 Å 21.2 Å 20.5 Å 1 3 2
26 A model of packing of the StSt molecules in the layers of the α 2 -phase 0 electron density, electrons/å Å z, Å z, Å Å 24.6 Å S'(z), a. u. 140
27 Scattering patterns of liquid crystals K. K. han et al, Phys. Rev A, V. 34, 1986, p. 1420
28 Isothermal crystallization of StLnSt γ phase 001α2 002α2 100α2 001sub-α2 peak sub-α2 003 sub-α2 peak sub-α2 005 sub-α2 110 sub-α2 200 sub-α2 001γ Transient structures: sub-α 2 phase, orthorhombic α 2 phase, hexagonal temperature q, Å -1 q, Å -1 SAXS WAXS
29 2L+3L transient structure 002 γ 001 α1 001 γ 003 γ 005 γ 2L+3L 003 α1 001 α2+α1 Peak 1 (2L+3L) Peak 2 (2L+3L) Peak3 (2L+3L) 10 Temp 22 Intensity, a. u. 001 α2 002 α2 002 α2+α1 peak 2 peak 1 peak q, Å α α2 α2 004 α2 q, Å -1 The experimental SAXS pattern of StSt isothermal crystallization at 10 from the melt (55 ) 55 Simulated and experimental SAXS patterns of random 2L+3L StSt structure after Mykhaylyk et al, J. Appl. ryst., 2007, p. s297
30 an we make use of this finding about structural transformations in triacylglycerols? α 2 -phase is a distinctive property of mixed saturated/unsaturated triacylglycerols. It may be possible to find conditions when this property can be effectively used in fat fractionation. Transient structures of α 2 -phase can be used to control polymorphic transformations of triacylglcerols.
31 Polymorphic transformations of StSt Liquid α 2 α 1 + γ γ 002 γ Liquid α 2 sub-α 2 β + γ 002 β 003β 003 γ 005 γ 001 β β 005 β q, Å q, Å temperature of isothermal crystallisation ( ) duration of isothermal crystallisation (min) γ phase fraction in StSt crystallized at 30 after isothermal crystallization at different temperatures for a certain duration. after Mykhaylyk & Hamley, J. Phys. hem., 2004, p. 8069
32 onclusions Transient phases are identified in mixed saturated/unsaturated triacylglycerols or their mixtures. The transient phase formation is caused by a mismatch between saturated and unsaturated acyl chains followed by their separation in the melt These phases resembles smectic A 2 liquid crystal phases Reduction of the longitudinal diffusion of the molecules at low temperatures freezes the molecular motion and makes unsaturated bonds to be terminal points causing formation of interdigitated phases similar to smectic A d liquid crystal phases At certain conditions dictated by molecular structure the transient phases can develop into other structures such as 2L+3L during StSt isothermal crystallization The structural state of the transient phases effect further polymorphic transformations of triacylglycerols at high temperatures
33 Acknowledgements
2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules CARBON BASED MOLECULES
CARBON BASED MOLECULES KEY CONCEPTS Carbon-based molecules are the foundation of life. Lipids are one class of organic molecules. This group includes fats, oils, waxes, and steroids. Lipids are made of
More informationChapter Sections: 3.1 Carbon s Place in the Living World 3.2 Functional Groups 3.3 Carbohydrates 3.4 Lipids 3.5 Proteins 3.
Chapter Sections: 3.1 Carbon s Place in the Living World 3.2 Functional Groups 3.3 Carbohydrates 3.4 Lipids 3.5 Proteins 3.6 Nucleic Acids Student Goals: By the end of this lecture series, students should
More informationExperiment 12 Lipids. Structures of Common Fatty Acids Name Number of carbons
Experiment 12 Lipids Lipids are a class of biological molecules that are insoluble in water and soluble in nonpolar solvents. There are many different categories of lipids and each category has different
More information26.1 Acetyl Coenzyme A
Chapter 26 Lipids Lipids Lipids are naturally occurring substances grouped together on the basis of a common property they they are more soluble in nonpolar solvents than in water. Some of the most important
More informationQUESTION 1 Fats and oils vary in their degree of solubility in aqueous solutions. Give a reason for this observation.
QUESTIN 1 Fats and oils vary in their degree of solubility in aqueous solutions. Give a reason for this observation. QUESTIN Why are fatty acids such as palmitic acid, insoluble in water, while ethanoic
More informationLipids and Classification:
Lipids and Classification: Lipids: Biological lipids are a chemically diverse group of organic compounds which are insoluble or only poorly soluble in water. They are readily soluble in non-polar solvents
More informationMCQS ON LIPIDS. Dr. RUCHIKA YADU
MCQS ON LIPIDS Dr. RUCHIKA YADU Q1. THE FATS AND OILS ARE RESPECTIVELY RICH IN a) Unsaturated fatty acids b) Saturated fatty acids c) Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids d) None of these Q2. ESSENTIAL
More information3.1.3 Lipids. Source: AQA Spec
alevelbiology.co.uk SPECIFICATION Triglycerides and phospholipids are two groups of lipid. Triglycerides are formed by the condensation of one molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acid. A
More informationSemi-solid and Solid Formulations Crystallization Topics
Semi-solid and Solid Formulations Crystallization Topics Benjamin Schwartz Ontario SCC Education Day September 18, 2018 Lipid knowledge for the personal care industry Crystallisation and film forming efficacy
More informationRene Peschar Jan B. van Mechelen, Henk Schenk
Laboratory for Crystallography, van t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiteit van Amsterdam, The Netherlands Structure and polymorphism of trans mono-unsaturated triacylglycerols
More informationANSC 619 PHYSIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY OF LIVESTOCK SPECIES. Lipid Chemistry NO. OF CARBONS COMMON NAME GENEVA NAME STRUCTURE
ANSC 619 PHYSIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY OF LIVESTOCK SPECIES I. Common Saturated Fatty Acids NO. OF CARBONS COMMON NAME GENEVA NAME STRUCTURE 4 Butyric Tetranoic CH 3 (CH 2 ) 2 COOH 6 Caproic Hexanoic CH 3 (CH
More informationANSC 689 PHYSIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY OF LIVESTOCK SPECIDS General Chemistry of Fatty Acids and Triacylglycerols
ANSC 689 PHYSIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY OF LIVESTOCK SPECIDS General Chemistry of Fatty Acids and Triacylglycerols I. Common Saturated Fatty Acids NO. OF CARBONS COMMON NAME GENEVA NAME STRUCTURE 4 Butyric Tetranoic
More informationChemistry 1506: Allied Health Chemistry 2. Section 8: Lipids. Biochemical Esters and Hydrocarbons. Outline
hemistry 1506 Dr. unter s lass Section 8 Notes - Page 1/21 hemistry 1506: Allied ealth hemistry 2 Section 8: Lipids Biochemical Esters and ydrocarbons utline SETIN 8.1 INTRDUTIN...2 SETIN SETIN SETIN 8.2
More informationOPTION GROUP: BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES 2 LIPIDS & PHOSPHOLIPIDS WORKBOOK
NAME: OPTION GROUP: BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES 2 LIPIDS & PHOSPHOLIPIDS WORKBOOK Instructions REVISION CHECKLIST AND ASSESSMENT OBJECTIVES Regular revision throughout the year is essential. It s vital you keep
More informationChemistry 506: Allied Health Chemistry 2. Chapter 17: Lipids. Biochemical Esters and Hydrocarbons
hemistry 506 Dr. unter s lass hapter 17. hemistry 506: Allied ealth hemistry 2 1 hapter 17: Lipids Biochemical Esters and ydrocarbons Introduction to General, rganic & Biochemistry, 5 th Edition by Bettelheim
More informationGeneral Biochemistry-1 BCH 202
General Biochemistry-1 BCH 202 1 I would like to acknowledge Dr. Farid Ataya for his valuable input & help in this course. 2 Outline Lipids Definition, function, fatty acids, classification: simple lipids:
More informationBasic Compounds in Biomolecules: Lipids
BI-RGANI HEMISTRY (rganic hemistry for Biology Students) (SQBS 1603) Basic ompounds in Biomolecules: Lipids Dr Nik Ahmad Nizam Bin Nik Malek, BSc (Ind. hem.)(utm), MSc (hem)(utm), PhD (hem)(utm), A.M.I.
More informationIntroduction to the Study of Lipids
Introduction to the Study of Lipids Factors to Consider in the Study of Biomolecules What are the features of the basic building blocks? (ex: monosaccharides, alcohols, fatty acids, amino acids) 1) General
More informationFactors to Consider in the Study of Biomolecules
Factors to Consider in the Study of Biomolecules What are the features of the basic building blocks? (ex: monosaccharides, alcohols, fatty acids, amino acids) 1) General structure and functional groups
More informationLipids. OpenStax College
OpenStax-CNX module: m44401 1 Lipids OpenStax College This work is produced by OpenStax-CNX and licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0 By the end of this section, you will be able
More informationBiology Chapter 2 Review
Biology Chapter 2 Review Vocabulary: Define the following words on a separate piece of paper. Element Compound Ion Ionic Bond Covalent Bond Molecule Hydrogen Bon Cohesion Adhesion Solution Solute Solvent
More informationLipids do not like water! (aka: hydrophobic) Generally insoluble
Lipids Lipids Lipids do not like water! (aka: hydrophobic) Generally insoluble Lipids They act like this because of their molecular structure (non-polar) Lipids are made mostly of C and H atoms, with O
More informationDr. Nafith Abu Tarboush
4 Dr. Nafith Abu Tarboush June 24 th 2013 Ahmad Moayd 1 Definition and general properties refer to slide no. 2 Lipids: macromolecules made from Alcohol and Fatty acid bonded by ester linkage. Amphipathic
More informationWeek 5 Section. Junaid Malek, M.D.
Week 5 Section Junaid Malek, M.D. HIV: Anatomy Membrane (partiallystolen from host cell) 2 Glycoproteins (proteins modified by added sugar) 2 copies of RNA Capsid HIV Genome Encodes: Structural Proteins
More informationBIOB111_CHBIO - Tutorial activity for Session 12
BIOB111_CHBIO - Tutorial activity for Session 12 General topic for week 6 Session 12 Lipids Useful Links: 1. Animations on Cholesterol (its synthesis, lifestyle factors, LDL) http://www.wiley.com/college/boyer/0470003790/animations/cholesterol/cholesterol.htm
More informationLipids fatty, oily, or waxy hydrophobic organic compounds.
Lipids Lipids Lipids fatty, oily, or waxy hydrophobic organic compounds. u long hydrocarbon chain u composed of CHO Diverse group u fats u oils u waxes u steroids Do not form polymers u big molecules made
More informationBiological Molecules
The Chemical Building Blocks of Life Chapter 3 Biological molecules consist primarily of -carbon bonded to carbon, or -carbon bonded to other molecules. Carbon can form up to 4 covalent bonds. Carbon may
More informationTest Bank for Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry 5th Edition by Nelson
Test Bank for Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry 5th Edition by Nelson Link download full: http://testbankair.com/download/test-bank-forlehninger-principles-of-biochemistry-5th-edition-by-nelson/ Chapter
More informationThe Chemical Building Blocks of Life. Chapter 3
The Chemical Building Blocks of Life Chapter 3 Biological Molecules Biological molecules consist primarily of -carbon bonded to carbon, or -carbon bonded to other molecules. Carbon can form up to 4 covalent
More informationClassification, functions and structure
Classification, functions and structure Elena Rivneac PhD, Associate Professor Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry State University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Nicolae Testemitanu" Lipids
More informationLipids are used to store and excess energy from extra carbohydrates in animals
Lipids Lipids are a major source of energy used by cells, however lipids are more difficult for your body to break down. They produce nearly twice the amount of energy than proteins or carbohydrates. Lipids
More informationChapter 2 The Chemistry of Life Part 2
Chapter 2 The Chemistry of Life Part 2 Carbohydrates are Polymers of Monosaccharides Three different ways to represent a monosaccharide Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are sugars and starches and provide
More informationLecture-3. Water and Phospholipid
Lecture-3 Water and Phospholipid Life on earth began in water and evolved there for three billion years before spreading onto land. Although most of the water in liquid form, it is also in solid form and
More informationCarbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids Is it made of carbohydrates? Organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio. A carbohydrate with 6 carbon atoms would have
More informationChemical Surface Transformation 1
Chemical Surface Transformation 1 Chemical reactions at Si H surfaces (inorganic and organic) can generate very thin films (sub nm thickness up to µm): inorganic layer formation by: thermal conversion:
More informationMacromolecules. The four groups of biomolecules or macromolecules found in living things which are essential to life are: 1. PROTEINS 1.
Macromolecules The four groups of biomolecules or macromolecules found in living things which are essential to life are: 1. PROTEINS 1. CARBOHYDRATES 1. LIPIDS 1. NUCLEIC ACIDS Carbon Compounds All compounds
More informationChapter 3. Table of Contents. Section 1 Carbon Compounds. Section 2 Molecules of Life. Biochemistry
Biochemistry Table of Contents Section 1 Carbon Compounds Section 2 Molecules of Life Section 1 Carbon Compounds Objectives Distinguish between organic and inorganic compounds. Explain the importance of
More informationBiological Molecules
Chemical Building Blocks of Life Chapter 3 Biological Molecules Biological molecules consist primarily of -carbon bonded to carbon, or -carbon bonded to other molecules. Carbon can form up to 4 covalent
More informationThe Role of Physical Properties Data in Product Development
The Role of Physical Properties Data in Product Development From Molecules to Market Gent June 18 th and 19 th 2008 Eckhard Flöter Unilever R&D Vlaardingen Physical Properties Data Melting point, heat
More informationUnit #2: Biochemistry
Unit #2: Biochemistry STRUCTURE & FUNCTION OF FOUR MACROMOLECULES What are the four main biomolecules? How is each biomolecule structured? What are their roles in life? Where do we find them in our body?
More informationNebal Al - Gallab. Shatha Al - Jabri. Mamoon Ahram
10 Nebal Al - Gallab Shatha Al - Jabri Mamoon Ahram Note: the doctor showed extra examples, they were in the slides, you can refer to them... Naming of Fatty Acids - 1 st Method ( IUPAC system ) We start
More information15.1 Lipids 15.2 Fatty Acids. Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 15 Lipids 15.1 Lipids 15.2 Fatty Acids Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. 1 Lipids Lipids are biomolecules that contain fatty acids or a steroid nucleus. soluble in organic solvents, but
More informationChapter 5 THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF LARGE BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES
Chapter 5 THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF LARGE BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES You Must Know The role of dehydration synthesis in the formation of organic compounds and hydrolysis in the digestion of organic compounds.
More informationInorganic compounds: Usually do not contain carbon H 2 O Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 NaCl Carbon containing molecules not considered organic: CO 2
Organic Chemistry The study of carbon-containing compounds and their properties. Biochemistry: Made by living things All contain the elements carbon and hydrogen Inorganic: Inorganic compounds: All other
More informationPolymorphism in Fats and Oils
3 Polymorphism in Fats and Oils Kiyotaka Sato and Satoru Ueno Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan 1. INTRODUCTION Triacylglycerols (TAGs) are the major components
More informationBiology. Chapter 3. Molecules of Life. Concepts and Applications 9e Starr Evers Starr
Biology Concepts and Applications 9e Starr Evers Starr Chapter 3 Molecules of Life 2015 3.1 What Are the Molecules of Life? The molecules of life contain a high proportion of carbon atoms: Complex carbohydrates
More informationWHAT IS A LIPID? OBJECTIVE The objective of this worksheet is to understand the structure and function of lipids
WHAT IS A LIPID? OBJECTIVE The objective of this worksheet is to understand the structure and function of lipids PART A: Understanding Lipids Lipids are more commonly known as fats and include triglycerides,
More informationCopy into Note Packet and Return to Teacher Section 3 Chemistry of Cells
Copy into Note Packet and Return to Teacher Section 3 Chemistry of Cells Objectives Summarize the characteristics of organic compounds. Compare the structures and function of different types of biomolecules.
More information3.1 Carbon is Central to the Living World
BIOL 100 Ch. 3 1 3.1 Carbon is Central to the Living World Carbon Central element to life Most biological molecules are built on a carbon framework. Organic molecules Humans 18.5% Carbon Why is Carbon
More informationRecap: A little chemistry helps to understand a lot of biology
Recap: A little chemistry helps to understand a lot of biology Covalent Bonds Polar and Non-Polar Electronegativity is key! Non-covalent bonds: Intra and inter molecular interactions Hydrogen Bonds Ionic
More informationChem 5 PAL Worksheet Lipids Smith text Chapter 15
Chem 5 PAL Worksheet Lipids Smith text Chapter 15 Principle: Fatty acids are carboxylic acids with long (usually > 14) carbon chains which can be saturated (no carbon-carbon double bonds) are unsaturated
More informationOrganic Compounds. (Carbon Compounds) Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids
Organic Compounds (Carbon Compounds) Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids Carbon s Bonding Behavior Outer shell of carbon has 4 electrons; can hold 8 Each carbon atom can form covalent bonds with
More informationFATS & OILS GLOSSARY
FATS & OILS GLOSSARY Antioxidant A substance that slows or interferes with the reaction of a fat or oil with oxygen. The addition of antioxidants to fats or foods containing them retard rancidity and increases
More informationChapter 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules
Chapter 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules 1. Name the four main classes of organic molecules found in all living things. Which of the four are classified as macromolecules. Define
More informationMacromolecules_p1.notebook. September 13, Functional Groups. Monomers and polymers. Monosaccharides. Starch. Starch and glycogen
Macromolecules_p.notebook Macromolecules are huge molecules made of thousands of smaller molecules. (polymer) (monomer) (Aldehyde) Monomers (Ketone) (alcohol) Polymer (carboxylic acid) large molecules
More informationLipids Definition. Definition: Water insoluble No common structure (though generally large R groups)
Lipids Definition Definition: Water insoluble No common structure (though generally large R groups) Water Solubility (Hydrophilic) What makes molecules water soluble (hydrophilic)? Like dissolves like
More informationDefinition: Water insoluble No common structure (though generally large R groups)
Lipids Definition Definition: Water insoluble No common structure (though generally large R groups) Water Solubility (Hydrophilic) What makes molecules water soluble (hydrophilic)? Like dissolves like
More informationMembranes & Membrane Proteins
School on Biomolecular Simulations Membranes & Membrane Proteins Vani Vemparala The Institute of Mathematical Sciences Chennai November 13 2007 JNCASR, Bangalore Cellular Environment Plasma membrane extracellular
More informationCarbohydrates and Lipids
Carbohydrates and Lipids Chapter 5: Macromolecules Macromolecules Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules o macromolecules 4 major classes of macromolecules: o Carbohydrates o
More informationTesting for Biologically Important Molecules
Testing for Biologically Important Molecules General Principles There are four major classes of organic compounds found in living organisms - arbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins and ucleic Acids. The chemical
More informationBio 12 Important Organic Compounds: Biological Molecules NOTES Name:
Bio 12 Important Organic Compounds: Biological Molecules NOTES Name: Many molecules of life are.(means many molecules joined together) Monomers: that exist individually Polymers: Large organic molecules
More informationunit 9 practice test (organic and biochem)
Name: Class: Date: unit 9 practice test (organic and biochem) Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. What s the correct formula for the simplest
More informationThe main biological functions of the many varied types of lipids include: energy storage protection insulation regulation of physiological processes
Big Idea In the biological sciences, a dehydration synthesis (condensation reaction) is typically defined as a chemical reaction that involves the loss of water from the reacting molecules. This reaction
More informationLipids: Fats, Oils & Waxes: AP Biology
Lipids: Fats, Oils & Waxes: Lipids long term energy storage concentrated energy *9 Cal/gram Lipids: Triglycerides Lipids are composed of C, H, O u long hydrocarbon chains (H-C) Family groups u fats u phospholipids
More informationPROCEEDINGS OF THE YEREVAN STATE UNIVERSITY
PROCEEDINGS OF THE YEREVAN STATE UNIVERSITY Physical and Mathematical Sciences 2018, 52(3), p. 217 221 P h y s i c s STUDY OF THE SWELLING OF THE PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER, DEPENDING ON THE ANGLE BETWEEN THE
More informationOBJECTIVE. Lipids are largely hydrocarbon derivatives and thus represent
Paper 4. Biomolecules and their interactions Module 20: Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, Nomenclature of fatty acids and Essential and non-essential fatty acids OBJECTIVE The main aim of this module
More informationChapter 2 pt 2. Atoms, Molecules, and Life. Gregory Ahearn. John Crocker. Including the lecture Materials of
Chapter 2 pt 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Life Including the lecture Materials of Gregory Ahearn University of North Florida with amendments and additions by John Crocker Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc..
More informationand hydrophilic and how they relate to solubility.
o o o and hydrophilic and how they relate to solubility. o o o o o o o o Page 1: Introduction Page 2: 1. Hydrocarbons are referred to as organic molecules with a "backbone." Take a snapshot of the hydrocarbon
More informationBiomolecules. Unit 3
Biomolecules Unit 3 Atoms Elements Compounds Periodic Table What are biomolecules? Monomers vs Polymers Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids Minerals Vitamins Enzymes Triglycerides Chemical Reactions
More informationBiochemistry Worksheet
Biology 138 Name Section 3.1 Properties of Water Biochemistry Worksheet 1. Why is water such an important molecule to living things? 2. Describe the chemical make up and type of bonding found in water
More informationMacromolecules. Note: If you have not taken Chemistry 11 (or if you ve forgotten some of it), read the Chemistry Review Notes on your own.
Macromolecules Note: If you have not taken Chemistry 11 (or if you ve forgotten some of it), read the Chemistry Review Notes on your own. Macromolecules are giant molecules made up of thousands or hundreds
More informationLesson 2. Biological Molecules. Introduction to Life Processes - SCI 102 1
Lesson 2 Biological Molecules Introduction to Life Processes - SCI 102 1 Carbon in Biological Molecules Organic molecules contain carbon (C) and hydrogen (H) Example: glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) Inorganic
More informationChapter 19 Lecture Outline
Chapter 19 Lecture utline Prepared by Andrea D. Leonard University of Louisiana at Lafayette Lipids! Introduction to Lipids! Lipids are biomolecules that are soluble in organic solvents and insoluble in
More informationEsters. What intermolecular forces do you think esters have? δ + CH 3
Esters What intermolecular forces do you think esters have? ow will these intermolecular forces affect their: Melting and boiling points compared to alkanes Solubility in water δ 3 δ + 3 Dipole dipole
More informationChapter 1 Membrane Structure and Function
Chapter 1 Membrane Structure and Function Architecture of Membranes Subcellular fractionation techniques can partially separate and purify several important biological membranes, including the plasma and
More informationThey are substances that are soluble in lipid or derived from the lipids by hydrolysis; for examples, cholesterol and fat soluble vitamins.
They are substances that are soluble in lipid or derived from the lipids by hydrolysis; for examples, cholesterol and fat soluble vitamins. Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds,side chian are (alkane).:
More informationAlkenes. Question Paper 1. Chemistry (0620/0971) Cambridge International Examinations (CIE) Topic. Organic chemistry Sub-Topic. Alkenes.
or more awesome resources, visit us at www.savemyexams.co.uk/ lkenes Question Paper 1 Level IGSE Subject hemistry (0620/0971) Exam oard ambridge International Examinations (IE) Topic Organic chemistry
More informationSection 1 Lecture 1- Origins of Life Life probably started by Hydrothermal Vents.
Section 1 Lecture 1- Origins of Life Life probably started by Hydrothermal Vents. Photosynthesis originated around 3GA, as cells figured out how to fix CO2 and release O2. Eukaryotes originates 1.5-2.5
More informationEH1008 Biomolecules. Inorganic & Organic Chemistry. Water. Lecture 2: Inorganic and organic chemistry.
EH1008 Biomolecules Lecture 2: Inorganic and organic chemistry limian.zheng@ucc.ie 1 Inorganic & Organic Chemistry Inorganic Chemistry: generally, substances that do not contain carbon Inorganic molecules:
More informationBiological Molecules. Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic Acids
Biological Molecules Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic Acids Organic Molecules Always contain Carbon (C) and Hydrogen (H) Carbon is missing four electrons Capable of forming 4 covalent bonds
More informationFAT. Dr. Shamsul Azahari Zainal Badari Department of Resource Management and Consumer Studies Faculty of Human Ecology
FAT Dr. Shamsul Azahari Zainal Badari Department of Resource Management and Consumer Studies Faculty of Human Ecology OBJECTIVES LECTURE By the end of this lecture, student can: Define what is lipid/fat
More informationCarbon s Bonding Pattern
Organic Compounds It used to be thought that only living things could synthesize the complicated carbon compounds found in cells German chemists in the 1800 s learned how to do this in the lab, showing
More informationH O. rapidly reduces. They dissolve. because they can hydrogen bond to the water molecules.
3.9 arboxylic Acids and Derivatives Naming arboxylic acids These have the ending oic acid but no number is necessary for the acid group as it must always be at the end of the chain. The numbering always
More informationBiological role of lipids
Lipids Lipids Organic compounds present in living organisms, insoluble in water but able to be extracted by organic solvents such as: chloroform, acetone, benzene. Extraction = the action of taking out
More informationDr. Nafith Abu Tarboush
5 Dr. Nafith Abu Tarboush June 25 th 2013 Mohammad Abu Dosh Sheet 5.. Lipids ( Dr. Nafith ) : Classification of fatty acids : - they are classified depending on the existence of double bonds to : 1) Saturated
More informationBiology: Life on Earth Chapter 3 Molecules of life
Biology: Life on Earth Chapter 3 Molecules of life Chapter 3 Outline 3.1 Why Is Carbon So Important in Biological Molecules? p. 38 3.2 How Are Organic Molecules Synthesized? p. 38 3.3 What Are Carbohydrates?
More informationTopic 6 : Structures and Reactions of Hydrocarbons Revised April Alkanes (General formula : C x H 2x+2 )
6/1 Topic 6 : Structures and Reactions of ydrocarbons Revised April 1995 ydrocarbons all contain arbon and ydrogen only. There are various families of hydrocarbons (subsets of the set of hydrocarbons)
More informationSAXS on lipid structures
Practical Course in Biophysics, Experiment R2b SAXS on lipid structures Summer term 2015 Room: Advisor: X-ray lab at LS Rädler, NU111 Stefan Fischer Tel: +49-(0)89-2180-1459 Email: stefan.f.fischer@physik.lmu.de
More informationAdditional problems: 1. Match and label the conjugate acid and base pairs in the following reactions. Which one of these systems is a good buffer?
1 ESA Biochemistry Fall 2001 eview problems for the first exam Acid/Base chemistry Sections to review: 10.2,.3,.4,.6.9,.12,.13 omplete the following sentences 1. 2 3 is a acid. 2. The anion of a weak acid
More informationBiochemistry. 2. Besides carbon, name 3 other elements that make up most organic compounds.
Biochemistry Carbon compounds Section 3-1 1. What is an organic compound? 2. Besides carbon, name 3 other elements that make up most organic compounds. 3. Carbon dioxide, CO 2, is NOT an organic compound.
More information3.9 Carbohydrates. Provide building materials and energy storage. Are molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio
3.9 Carbohydrates Provide building materials and energy storage Are molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio Are of two main types Simple carbohydrates Complex carbohydrates
More informationChapter 20 Lipids. Organic and Biochem
Chapter 20 Lipids rganic and Biochem 20.1 Introduction Found in living organisms Insoluble in water but Soluble in non-polar substances Example of Lipid Solvent: diethyl ether Polar groups in lipids are
More informationnumber Done by Corrected by Doctor
number 20 Done by Corrected by Rana Ghassan Doctor Only 4 questions in the mid-term exam are based on the 4 lectures to be given by Dr Faisal. Dr Faisal will give us 10 lectures, the first 4 are included
More informationUnit 3: Chemistry of Life Mr. Nagel Meade High School
Unit 3: Chemistry of Life Mr. Nagel Meade High School IB Syllabus Statements 3.2.1 Distinguish between organic and inorganic compounds. 3.2.2 Identify amino acids, glucose, ribose and fatty acids from
More informationChapter 3 Structure and Stereochemistry of Alkanes. Classification Review. Alkenes: Structure and Stereochem Slide 3-2
hapter 3 Structure and Stereochemistry of Alkanes lassification Review Alkenes: Structure and Stereochem Slide 3-2 1 Alkane Structural Formulas All - single bonds Saturated with hydrogens (no pi bonds)
More informationChapter 3 Guided Reading Notes Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life
AP Biology Name: Block Chapter 3 Guided Reading Notes Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life Most of this chapter is new material. We will discuss it all in detail. Section 1 1. Make an electron distribution
More informationOverview of the food science behind fatty acid technology
Overview of the food science behind fatty acid technology Pamela J. White, Ph.D. Food Chemist/Scientist Food Science and Human Nutrition Dept. & Center for Crops Utilization Research Iowa State University
More informationBiosynthesis of Triacylglycerides (TG) in liver. Mobilization of stored fat and oxidation of fatty acids
Biosynthesis of Triacylglycerides (TG) in liver Mobilization of stored fat and oxidation of fatty acids Activation of hormone sensitive lipase This enzyme is activated when phosphorylated (3,5 cyclic AMPdependent
More informationCarbon. Carbon. Carbon Skeleton 8/25/2016. The Chemical Building Blocks of Life
The Chemical Building Blocks of Life Carbon Life as we know it is carbon-based. Biological molecules are built on a carbon skeleton. Small atom with a valence of 4. Carbon Can form up to 4 covalent bonds.
More information