Hiperglikemičnisindrom v bolnišnici. Sladkorna bolezen in operativni poseg. Doc.dr.Vilma Urbančič, dr.med. 1, 2

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1 Hiperglikemičnisindrom v bolnišnici. Sladkorna bolezen in operativni poseg. Doc.dr.Vilma Urbančič, dr.med. 1, 2 1 UKC Ljubljana KO EDBP, Diabetološki oddelek 2 UL MF, Katedrazainternomedicino 21. Tečaj hospitalne diabetologije, marec 2016 Namesto uvoda sladkorni bolniki so sprejeti v bolnišnico pogosteje kot ljudje brez sladkorne bolezni vzrok sprejema so običajno spremljajoče bolezni urejanje krvnega sladkorja je le redko v središču pozornosti in je zato pogosto nezadovoljivo Oh diabetes, that s easy, the treatment is insulin, the dose is 25 but I can t remember if it is micrograms or miligrams Neimenovani angleški kardiolog, odgovor na vprašanje, kaj ve o sladkorni bolezni 1

2 Hiperglikemija v bolnišnici 1.Bolniki s predhodno ugotovljeno in zdravljeno sladkorno boleznijo 2.Bolniki s prej neprepoznano sladkorno boleznijo, ki je ugotovljena med hospitalizacijo in mora biti po odpustu iz bolnišnice potrjena s standardnimi diagnostičnimi merili 3.Hospitalna ( stresna ) hiperglikemija: ugotovljena med hospitalizacijo, po odpustu pa se normalizira: Sepsa, travma, opekline, kirurški posegi Hipoksija, hipotermija Okluzivna žilna bolezen (AMI, ICV) Nekaj številk Hiperglikemija je med hospitaliziranimi bolniki pogosta: Cook 2009: 46% v intenzivnih enotah in 32% na navadnih oddelkih Kosiborod 2007: med bolniki z AKS je hiperglikemičnih 78% tistih z znano SB in 26% tistih brez predhodno znane SB Umpierrez 2002: med hospitaliziranimi bolniki 62% normoglikemičnih, 26% z znano SB in 12% z novoodkrito hiperglikemijo. Umpierrez GE. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine, 2011:

3 Glukoza ob sprejemu ter umrljivost v 30 dneh in 1 letu (konc glukoze <6.1; ; ; ; >13.3) Kosiborod M. Circulation 2005: Umpierrez et al,

4 Vzdrževanje normoglikemije Insulin postprandialno obdobje Anabolni in antikatabolni učinki: glikogeneza, lipogeneza, glikoliza in sinteza maščobnih kislin v jetrih, sinteza proteinov Katabolni hormoni stradanje Glukagon, kateholamini, rastni hormon glikogenoliza, glukoneogeneza, lipoliza, ketogeneza Metabolizem ob stresu sekrecija adrenalina, noradrenalina, kortizola in glukagona sekrecija insulina in acetilholina tvorba glukoze v jetrih utilizacija glukoze na periferiji občutljivost perifernih tkiv na insulin občutljivost Langerhansovih otočkov na glukozo Insulinska rezistenca Stresna hiperglikemija 4

5 2015_Nutr Clin Pract_Davidson Akutna stresna hiperglikemija Preneha po odpravi vzroka Ugoden kompenzatorni mehanizem? Neugodni učinki: Oslabljen imunski odziv ( tvorba superoksidnih anionov v nevtrofilcih, slabša fagocitna funkcija 1, vpliv na prirojeno imunost 2 ) Večja pogostnost nozokomialnih okužb 3 Hemodinamske motnje in spremenjene elektromehanske lastnosti miokarda 4 Psihični stres povzroča insulinsko rezistenco in s tem zveča potrebo po insulinu 1 Perner, Intensive Care Med 2003, 2 Turina, Crit Care Med 2005, 3 Khaodhiar, Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 1999, 4 Marfella, Diabetologia

6 Glikemija pri kritično bolnem Variabilen vnos glukoze Variabilna pot vnosa (enteralno/ parenteralno) Variabilna resorbcija Endogena sekrecija insulina Eksogeni insulin Kinetika insulina Variabilna občutljivost na insulin Variabilno delovanje insulina na nivoju organov Maerz LL and Akhtar S. Curr Opin in Critical Care 2011: Vzroki hiperglikemije pri hospitaliziranih bolnikih Neprepoznana hiperglikemija Stresna hiperglikemija Zdravljenje s kortikosteroidi Manjša stopnja telesne dejavnosti Ukinitev antidiabetične terapije, ki jo je jemal bolnik doma Napake pri zdravljenju, izpuščanje odmerkov Insulinofobija Fonseca V, Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine,

7 Definicija hiperglikemije koncentracija glukoze v krvi > 7.8mmol/L (140 mg%) Vrednosti, ki so signifikantno oziroma vztrajno višje od te vrednosti, zahtevajo pri hospitaliziranem bolniku ukrepanje. Moghissi et al, American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American Diabetes Association consensus statement on inpatient glycemic control. Diabetes Care 2009;32: Obravnava bolnika s hiperglikemijo Pri vseh bolnikih s sladkorno boleznijo, ki so sprejeti v bolnišnico, mora biti sladkorna bolezen jasno označena v medicinski dokumentaciji. Pri osebah s hiperglikemijo redno spremljamo glukozo v krvi in zagotovimo dostopnost rezultatov celotnemu zdravstvenemu timu in tudi bolniku Vsem bolnikom s hiperglikemijo sprejemu v bolnišnico določimo HbA1c, če ni bil izmerjen v zadnjih 2 do 3 mesecih Pred načrtovanjem zdravljenja ovrednotimo morebitne srčnožilne in ledvične zaplete. Upoštevamo možnost dodatnega tveganja pri bolnikih, ki imajo nevropatijo, proliferativno retinopatijo, oziroma se zdravijo z metforminom. 7

8 Bolnik s hiperglikemijo Ali se lahko hrani in pije peros? Ali bruha? Diureza? Hemodinamsko stabilen? Stanje zavesti? Terapija pred sprejemom in povod za hiperglikemijo Določitev HbA 1 c List sladkornega bolnika Bolnik, ki ne je in/ali ki je hemodinamsko nestabilen, ne sme dobiti oralnih antidiabetikov (še zlasti ne sekretagogov) in ne insulina subkutano! 8

9 List sladkornega bolnika Dileme Kdaj začeti z insulinom? Vrsta insulina? Začetni odmerek? Terapevtska shema? Kako titrirati? 9

10 Ciljne vrednosti glikemije Umpierrez et al, 2002 Pomen dobre urejenosti glikemije pri kritično bolnem klinične študije: neposredna povezava med stopnjo stresne hiperglikemije ter umrljivostjo kritično bolnih dosledno vzdrževanje normoglikemije pomembno zmanjša obolevnost in umrljivost pri določenih podskupinah kritično bolnih Večina študij v preteklosti: kirurški bolniki Van den Berghe 2006: internistični bolniki Pittas AG. JPEN 2006; 30: van den Berghe G. NEJM 2006; 354:

11 Leuvenska študija <6.1mmol/l <6.1mmol/l >6.1mmol/l >6.1mmol/l Van den Berghe G et al. Intensive insulin therapy in the critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: Randomizirani: 6.104: intenzivno zdravljenje 3.054; konvencionalno

12 8-10 mmol/l mmol/l Konvencionalno: Leuven: > 12 mmol/l NICE-SUGAR: 8-10 mmol/l Leuven umrljivost glede na glukozo na tešče: nad 8.3 > > pod

13 Koncept slabe glikemije Hipoglikemija (< 3.9 mmol/l 70mg%) Hiperglikemija (>7 mmol/l 126 mg%) Glikemična variabilnost (SD > 1.6 mmol/l 29 mg%) Hamer MJ et al. Biology of bone and marrow transpl 2009: Priporočila ACP American College of physicians ADA American Diabetes Association TES The Endocrine Society Papak J, Kansagara D. Am J Cardiol 2012; 110[suppl]:24B 31B 13

14 Ciljne vrednosti glikemije kritično bolni Insulin uvedemo pri persistentni hiperglikemiji 10 mmol/l. Po uvedbi insulina so za večino kritično bolnih priporočljive vrednosti glikemije mmol/l Nižje vrednosti so zaželene (ref.van den Berghe), če jih je mogoče doseči brez večjega tveganja za hipoglikemijo. 1. ADA Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes Diabetes Care 2010; 33 (Suppl 1): S11-S Moghissi E et al. AACE and ADA Consensus Statement on Inpatient Glycemic Control. Diabetes Care 2009; 32(6): NICE-SUGAR Study Investigators. Intensive versus conventional glucose control in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 2009;360: Ciljne vrednosti glikemije bolniki, ki niso kritično bolni Randomiziranih kliničnih raziskav, ki bi opredelile ciljne vrednosti glikemije pri teh bolnikih, ni na voljo. Za večino so ciljne vrednosti KS pred obroki <7.8 mmol/l, oz. naključno <10.0 mmol/l, pod pogojem, da jih lahko dosežemo varno, brez dodatnega tveganja za hipoglikemijo. Strožja merila so primerna za bolnike, ki so bili prej odlično urejeni. Manj stroga merila so dopustna pri bolnikih s hudimi spremljajočimi boleznimi. 14

15 Farmakoterapija SB Oralni antidiabetiki Sulfonilsečnine Meglitinidi Akarboza Metformin Tiazolidindioni Zdravila, ki delujejo na inkretinski sistem Oralna: zaviralci DPP-4 Parenteralna: GLP-1 mimetiki Insulin Terapevtske možnosti Hiperglikemijo v bolnišnici praviloma zdravimo z insulinom. Vsa druga antihiperglikemična zdravila uporabljamo le pri bolnikih, ki niso akutno bolni, se normalno hranijo in imajo urejeno glikemijo. Cardiovascular Diabetology 2009, 8:38 15

16 Čas delovanja Insulin Začetek Vrh Trajanje Kratki analogi min min 4-5 ur Kratki humani min 2-4 ure 5 8 ur NPH 1-3 ure 5-8 ur ur Detemir(Levemir ) 90 min Relativno brez vrha ur Glargin (Lantus ) 90 min Brez vrha 24 ur Degludec(Tresiba ) Steadystatev 3 dneh Brez vrha T 1/2 > 25h Degludec h Zdravljenje z insulinom Kako? Kontinuirana i.v. infuzija: GIK, infuzijska črpalka Subkutano Kateri insulin? Koliko (odmerek)? Kdaj? Pravočasno! ½ h pred jedjo: Actrapid, Humulin R Neposredno pred jedjo ali po jedi: Humalog, NovoRapid, Apidra 16

17 Oprema Stekleničke (viale) Za uporabo s klasičnimi brizgalkami Za dodajanje v infuzijske raztopine Vložki (karpule, penfill) Mehanski injektorji Insulinske črpalke Vnaprej napolnjeni injektorji za enkratno uporabo (prefilled, disposable pens) Nekoč: princip deljenih doz = kratko delujoči humani insulin /6h sc (pred glavnimi obroki in ob 24h) Actrapid Novolet, Humulin R Pen Umaknjena s tržišča v letu 2011 Problem: Kratkodelujočihumani insulin je na voljo le v vialahin karpulah, ne pa v vnaprej napolnjenih injektorjih Viale in klasične brizge: neprecizno odmerjanje pri U-100! Karpule: mehanskih injektorjev ni mogoče sterilizirati 17

18 Degludec Actrapid Novorapid!!! E.K.I. Dileme Kratki analog ni enakovredna zamenjava za kratko delujoči humani insulin. Aplikacija kratkodelujočega humanega insulina iz viale s klasično brizgalko ne omogoča natančnega odmerjanja. Uporaba mehanskih injektorjev, v katerih se menjajo vložki, je v bolnišnici sporna zaradi nezmožnosti sterilizacije injektorja in posledičnega potencialnega prenosa okužb Zato 18

19 Fiziološko urejanje glikemije Nivo insulina Prandialni insulin Koncentracija glukoze: Pred obroki: pod 6.1 Po obrokih: pod 7.5 Bazalni insulin 24-urni profil Bazalni insulin se izloča neprekinjeno 24 ur Vsak bolnik potrebuje bazalni insulin tudi če je tešč zaradi preiskav ali operacije, če se hrani premalo ali sploh nič zaradi nausee ob maligni bolezni ali če ne je zaradi motnje zavesti Prandialna potreba = hrana per os Enako obravnavamo hrano po NGS ali PEG, infuzijo za čas operacije in kompletno parenteralno prehrano! 19

20 Ocena dnevne potrebe 1. celokupna dnevna doza insulina, ki jo je bolnik potreboval pred hospitalizacijo, ob upoštevanju presnovne urejenosti 2. Ocena na podlagi telesne teže: CDO (E) = TT x N (N = ) Donner WT, 2008 Fiziološko nadomeščanje insulina CDO = E/kg TT Bazalni 50% = E/kg TT Insulatard ali Humulin N 0.1E/kg TT pred spanjem ± zjutraj Detemir ali Lantus 0.2E/kg TT pred spanjem Prandialni 50% = 0.2E/kg TT Novorapid, Humalog, Apidra [ ] E/kg TT pred zajtrkom, kosilom, večerjo Korekcijski: 4-6 E kratkega analoga ob KS nad 15 20

21 Kateri insulin? Bazalni: dolgo delujoči analogi humanega insulina (glargin, detemir) ali srednje dolgo deluči humani insulin (NPH). Prandialni in korekcijski odmerki: kratko delujoči humani insulin ali ultrakratkodelujoči analogi (lispro, aspart, glulisin). Razmerje med količino bazalnega in prandialnega insulina je okvirno 50% : 50%. Princip drsečih doz = sliding scale 21

22 Kritično bolni Insulin dovajamo v kontinuirani intravenski infuziji po pisnem ali računalniško podprtem preverjenem protokolu, ki omogoča varno in učinkovito doseganje ciljnih vrednosti glikemije brez dodatnega tveganja za hudo hipoglikemijo NE po principu vse v eni vreči (GIK infuzija) uporabljamo kratkodelujoči, praviloma humani insulin Dileme: Dolgodelujoči insulini pri kritično bolnem? Insulinska črpalka? Bolniki, ki niso kritično bolni Vodenje SB pred, med in po kirurškem posegu Obdobja elektivne teščnosti Akutna poslabšanja urejenosti glikemije Novoodkrita sladkorna bolezen Stresna hiperglikemija Steroidna sladkorna bolezen Vodenje SB pred, med in neposredno po porodu 22

23 Insulin ni namenjen zniževanju glikemije, pač pa vzdrževanju stabilne glikemije Insulin ne deluje za nazaj, ampak vnaprej! Ob normalni vrednosti glukoze v krvi ne smemo ukiniti insulina ali drastično znižati odmerka Razmišljanje po principu vzrok posledica! Tako hipoglikemija kot hiperglikemija sta varnostna zapleta (odklona). 23

24 Kontrole krvnega sladkorja Ob postelji in ne v laboratoriju! Priporočila za pogostnost meritev študij ni, priporočila temeljijo na konsenzualnem mnenju strokovnjakov Bolnik se hrani per os, insulin s.c.: Pred glavnimi obroki redne kontrole Pred spanjem - pogosto Ponoči - občasno 1.5 h po obrokih po potrebi Parenteralna prehrana, insulin v kontinuirani infuziji: Stabilna glikemija: na 3 4 ure Neurejena glikemija: vsako uro!!! Vzroki hipoglikemije pri hospitaliziranih bolnikih Zmanjšan kalorični vnos Izpuščanje obrokov Monitored compliance Medicine/insulin errors Nepredvidljiva resorbcija insulina iz podkožja Spremenjen kognitivni status Fonseca V, Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine,

25 Prepoznava hipoglikemije Otežena ob motnjah zavesti, pri intubiranih Varno območje glikemije: mmol/l??? Incidenca hipoglikemije v objavljenih študijah: 0% - >30% GIK vs kontinuirana infuzija Ugotavljanje in ustrezno zdravljenje hipoglikemije v vsakdanji praksi je najbrž večji izziv kot v kliničnih študijah. Posledicam hipoglikemije posvečajo v zadnjih letih v kliničnih raziskavah vedno več pozornosti Turina M Crit Care Med2005; 34: S291-S300 Pittas AG. JPEN 2006; 30: Sistemske rešitve za izboljšanje oskrbe SB v bolnišnici Vloga specialista diabetologa Dodatna edukacija zdravstvenega osebja Protokoli za titracijo ne pa sliding scale! Kontinuirana iv infuzija tudi izven intenzivnih enot! Čitljivo pisanje! Both hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia are patient safety issues appropriate for continuous quality improvement (CQI) analysis 25

26 Da! Redno spremljanje vrednosti glikemije Fiziološko nadomeščanje insulina Timski pristop sodelovanje z diabetologom Pravočasno planiranje odpusta Ne! Tablete pri kritično bolnem Sliding scale Insulinofobija Posvet z diabetologom dve uri pred planiranim odpustom 26

27 Viri ADA Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes Diabetes Care 2010; 33(Suppl 1): S11-S61 Wesorick D et al. Management of diabetes and Hyperglycemia in the hospital: a practical guide to subcutaneous insulin use in the non-critically ill, adult patient. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2008; 3 (5, Suppl 5): S17-S28. Moghissi E et al. AACE and ADA Consensus Statement on Inpatient Glycemic Control. Diabetes Care 2009; 32(6): AACE/ACE Glycemic Control Algorithm, Endocr Pract. 2009; 15(6): Moghissi ES. Insulin strategies for managing inpatient and outpatient hyperglycemia and diabetes. Mt Sinai J Med Dec 1; 75(6): Donner WT, Klammer KM. Diabetes Management in the Hospital. Med Clin N Am 2008; 92: Operacija 27

28 ... Researchers use statistics the way a drunkard uses a lamp post, more for support than illumination. Winifred Castle Oprijemljivih, z dokazi podprtih priporočil glede optimalnega nivoja glikemije pred, med in po operaciji, ni. In history, thereare no controlgroups. Thereis no one to tellus what might have been. CormacMcCarthy 28

29 Normoglikemija med operacijo (CABG) izboljša perioperativne izide in zmanjša tveganje za rekurentne ishemične dogodke Lazar HL et al. Circulation 2004; Izidi zdravljenja po operacijah na srcu so slabši, če je bila glikemija med operacijo slabo urejena Quattara et al. Anesthesiology 2005; 103: Hiperglikemija pred operacijo (elektivno, ne na srcu ali žilah) je povezana s povečano umrljivostjo zaradi kardiovaskularnih zapletov Noordzij PG et al, European Journal of Endocrinology (2007) Striktno vzdrževanje normoglikemije zniža umrljivost po koronarni revaskularizaciji pod pričakovano glede na Euroscore D Alessandro C et al. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2007;134:29-37 Hiperglikemija pomembno vpliva na prognozo bolnikov z AMI in primarno PTCA, brez prej znane sladkorne bolezni, ni pa neodvisen napovednik umrljivosti pri tistih s prej znano SB Gasior M et al, Cardiology Journal (2008) Intenzivno zdravljenje z insulinom za doseganje normoglikemije med operacijo na srcu ne zmanjša perioperativne obolevnosti in umrljivosti nasprotno, zaradi višje smrtnosti in pogostejših CVI se poraja dvom o utemeljenosti in varnosti takega pristopa Gandhi GY et al, Ann Intern Med 2007; 146: Striktno vzdrževanje normoglikemije pri kritično bolnih bi glede na podatke raziskav utegnilo biti škodljivo, še manj podatkov pa je za bolnike, ki so operirani. Temu dvomu pritrjuje celo van den Berghe Editorial, British Journal of Anaesthesia (2009) Van den Berghe G, Ann Intern Med 2007; 146:

30 SB in operacija Elektivna Urgentna Metformin in perioperativno tveganje Operacija sama po sebi ni dejavnik tveganja za metforminsko laktacidozo, problem so perioperativnizapleti hipotenzija, ishemija miokardna ishemija, sepsa Malo podatkov o metforminu in anesteziji: metfima t ½ < 5.0 h ob normalni funkciji ledvic, večina se ga izloči v manj kot 12 h. Metformin ukinjamo le 24 h pred operacijo, če je potrebna splošna anestezija. Po operaciji ga uvedemo nazaj, ko se začne bolnik spet normalno hraniti per os, če se ni poslabšala ledvična funkcija in če ni pooperativnih zapletov. ChanNN. Br J Anesthes 1999; 83: Lustik. Anesthesiology 1998; 89:

31 Elektivna operacija Peroralna terapija kdaj ukiniti in kdaj uvesti nazaj? Kaj z bazalnim insulinom Kako pokriti infuzijo? Hiperglikemija tik pred načrtovano operacijo Urgentna operacija Kaj jemlje Kdaj je nazadnje vzel? Kaj in kdaj je nazadnje jedel? Kritje infuzij Perfuzor? Kontrole? 31

32 Osnovni principi Med operacijo moramo upoštevati Bazalne potrebe Glukozo v infuzijski raztopini ( prandialna potreba) Osnovno bolezen stres ob okužbi, travmi... Čezmerne poraste glikemije (korekcijski odmerek!) Ocena CDO Kot sicer za urejanje glikemije pri hospitaliziranem bolniku Insulin dovajamo v kontinuirani infuziji Pogoste kontrole! Akutno hiperglikemijo pred kirurškim posegom (tudi če še ni DKA ali DAHS) zdravimo po enakih principih kot akutne zaplete: Infuzija + Kratkodelujoči insulin v iv infuziji, 0.1E/kg TT/h 32

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