Supplemental Fig. 1. Changes in fat and lean mass determined by DEXA. Fat mass in high fat-fed

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1 Supplemental Fig. 1. hanges in fat and lean mass determined by EXA. Fat mass in high fat-fed mice (A) and chow-fed controls (). Lean mass in high fat-fed mice () and chow-fed controls (). ata represent means ± SEM (n 8 per group). P <.1, P,.1 vs. 6. P <., P <.1, P <.1 PW vs. WS. # P <., ## P <.1, P <.1 vs. 7 weeks of age. Supplemental Fig hour food intake and energy expenditure in PW and WS mice compared to 6 mice. (A) Average daily respiratory exchange ratios (RERs, respiratory quotients). RERs of 1. reflect oxidation of carbohydrate, whereas pure utilization of fat results in RERs of.7. RERs were significantly lower in all HF-fed mice compared to their corresponding chow-fed controls, P<.1 (n=8-14 per group). () Total daily energy expenditure (n=7-14 per group). () Total daily energy expenditure adjusted independently for lean and fat mass (n=7-14 per group). Statistics were performed by an analysis of co-variance (ANOVA) including lean and fat mass as covariates, and data are shown as the adjusted least square means SEM. () aily physical activity measured as total beam breaks in the x and y-axis (n=8-14 per group). (E) Ambulatory physical activity, defined by breaks of adjacent beams. ata are shown for the x-axis, which was very similar to that for the y-axis (n=8-14 per group). (F) Fine movement or fidgeting activity, defined by repetitive breaks of the same beam. ata are shown for the x-axis, which was very similar to that for the y-axis (n=8-14 per group). (G) Rearing activity, defined as total beam breaks in the z-axis (n=7-14 per group). Metabolic analyses were performed at 19-2 weeks of age. Numbers of mice for some groups are reduced due to a sensor failure for a particular measurement. ata represent means ± SEM. P <., P <.1 vs. 6. P <., P <.1 PW vs. WS. Supplemental Fig. 3. Insulin sensitivity in chow-fed PW and WS mice relative to 6 mice. Intraperitoneal insulin tolerance tests were performed on chow-fed mice at 6 (A and ), 1 ( and ), 16 (E and F), and 26 (G and H) weeks of age (n 8 per group). lood glucose was measured using a handheld glucometer. Reverse area under the curve (AU,,, F and H) represents the total glucose clearance between and 6 minutes. It is the area between the glucose curve and baseline glucose level

2 (fractional glucose =1). ata represent means ± SEM. P <., P <.1, P <.1 vs. 6. P <., P <.1, P <.1 PW vs. WS. Supplemental Fig. 4. Increased glucose tolerance in PW and WS mice compared to 6 mice. Intraperitoneal glucose tolerance tests were performed on 4-hour fasted mice at 1 weeks of age: HF group (A and ), chow-fed controls ( and ). n=8 to 13 animals per group. Plasma glucose was measured. AU represents the total glucose clearance between and 12 minutes. It is the area between the normalized (baseline subtracted) glucose curve and the x-axis. ata represent means ± SEM. P <., P <.1, P <.1 vs. 6. P <., P <.1 PW vs. WS. Supplemental Fig.. In vivo glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in PW and WS mice compared to 6 mice. Late phase insulin secretion was measured during the 2-hour IPGTT in 1-week-old HF mice (A, ) and chow-fed controls (, ). First phase insulin secretion was measured during the - minute IPGTT in a second cohort of HF mice (E, F) and chow-fed controls (G, H). and are AU representing total second phase insulin secretion between and 12 minutes post-glucose injection. F and H are AU representing total first phase insulin secretion between 3 and 1 minutes post-glucose injection. ata represent means ± SEM. n=-13 per group. P <., P <.1, P <.1 vs. 6. P <., P <.1 PW vs. WS.

3 Fat mass (g/mouse) 1 Fat mass (g/mouse) # 2 2 Lean mass (g/mouse) 2 1 Lean mass (g/mouse) 2 1 ##

4 eam breaks (counts) A RER (VO2/VO2) hr RER 24hr Total Activity P<. P=.6 24 hr Heat (kcal/h) eam breaks (counts) 24hr Total Energy Expenditure P<.1 P=.8 E F 24hr Amublatory Activity P<. 24 hr Heat (kcal/h) eam breaks (counts) 24hr Total Energy Expenditure Adjusted for LM and FM hr Fine Movement P=.6 1 P=.68 G eam breaks (counts) 24hr Rearing Activity how 6 HF PW how PW HF WS how WS HF

5 E G weeks old 6 PW WS weeks old weeks old weeks old F H -6 min (mmol/l X min) -6 min (mmol/l X min) -6 min (mmol/l X min) -6 min (mmol/l X min)

6 Glucose (mmol/l) HF 6 PW WS Glucose AU -12 min (mmol/l X min) how Glucose (mmol/l) Glucose AU -12 min (mmol/l X min) 2 1-1

7 Insulin (ng/ml) Insulin (ng/ml) E Insulin (ng/ml) G Insulin (ng/ml) 2. 6 PW WS HF how HF how F H -12 min (ng/ml x min) -12 min (ng/ml x min) 3-1 min (ng/ml X min) 3-1 min (ng/ml X min)