glucagon receptor AgRP merged color map I corr = 0.76±0.024 glucagon receptor DAPI merged

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1 Hypothalamic glucagon signaling inhibits glucose production Patricia I. Mighiu*, Jessica T.Y. Yue*, Beatrice M. Filippi, Mona A. Abraham, Madhu Chari, Carol K.L. Lam, Clair S. Yang, Nikita R. Christian, Maureen J. Charron & Tony K.T. Lam (* PIM & JTYY are co-first authors of this manuscript) glucagon receptor AgRP merged color map a b c d I corr 1 I corr =.7±. glucagon receptor DAPI merged e f g Supplementary Figure 1. Immunohistochemical representative images of rats slices (medial region of the arcuate nucleus, adjacent to the third ventricle (3V)) stained for a: glucagon receptor (GR), b: AgRP, and c: co-localization of GR and AgRP. d: Colour map used for immunohistochemical quantification using Colocalization Colormap ImageJ software. The Icorr value from to.5 represent no to partial co-localization whereas values from.5 to 1 represent partial to total co-localization (please see Image Analysis section of our Supplementary Methods for more details). The Icorr values were an average of n= images. Immunohistochemical representative images of rat liver e: glucagon receptor (GR), f: ',-diamidino-- phenylindole (DAPI)-stained nuclei, and g: merged images of GR and DAPI-stained nuclei. Nature Medicine doi:1.13/nm.3115

2 c-fos AgRP merged a b c saline d e f color map glucagon p-creb AgRP merged g h i I corr 1 I corr =.7±. corr saline color map j k l glucagon I corr 1 I corr =.±.5 Supplementary Figure. Immunohistochemical representative images of slices from -treated (a-c, g-i) and glucagon-treated (d-f, j-l) rats. Colour maps used for immunohistochemical quantification using Colocalization Colormap ImageJ software for the glucagon-treated rats. The Icorr value from to.5 represent no to partial co-localization whereas values from.5 to 1 represent partial to total co-localization (please see Image Analysis section of our Supplementary Methods for more details). The Icorr values were an average of n= images. Immunofluorescence staining for c-fos (a, d) or phosphorylated CREB (p-creb; g, j), AgRP (middle panels), or merged images (right panels). glucagon (d) stimulated c-fos immunofluorescence compared with (a). glucagon (j) stimulated p-creb immunofluorescence compared with (g), and p-creb was co-localized with AgRP-positive neurons of the arcuate nucleus (i, l). Nature Medicine doi:1.13/nm.3115

3 a mg kg -1 min -1 ) glucose uptake ( saline glucagon glucagon mab GR-antagonist Rp-cAMPS H-9 Sp-cAMPS b g -1 min -1 ) glucose uptake (mg k WT Gcgr / / saline glucagon c glucose uptake (mg kg -1 min -1 ) saline glucagon hepatic Vx shamvx d 1 ) se uptake (mg kg -1 min iv saline iv glucagon GR-antagonist iv glucagon e glucose uptake (mg kg -1 min -1 ) gluco saline glucagon Sp-cAMPS Supplementary Figure 3. During the pancreatic clamp, glucose uptake was comparable in all groups. a: Administration of (n=), glucagon (n=5), glucagon mab (n=5), glucagon glucagon mab (n=), GR-antagonist (n=5), glucagon GR-antagonist (n=), Rp-cAMPS (n=5), glucagon Rp-cAMPS (n=5), H-9 (n=5), glucagon H-9 (n=5), Sp-cAMPS (n=), and Sp-cAMPS Rp-cAMPS (n=5). b: Glucose uptake was not affected in wild-type (WT) mice treated with saline (n=9) or glucagon (n=), or in Gcgr / (n=5) and Gcgr -/- mice (n=) treated with glucagon. c: Glucose uptake was similar in glucagon-treated rats with hepatic vagotomy (hepatic Vx, n=) or sham vagotomy (sham Vx, n=5) and in -treated rats with hepatic Vx (n=5) or sham Vx (n=). d: Glucose uptake was similar in rats given iv saline (n=), iv glucagon (n=7), GR-antagonist iv glucagon (n=7). e: HFD-treated rats treated with saline (n=), glucagon (n=), and Sp-cAMPS (n=5). Values are means SEM. Nature Medicine doi:1.13/nm.3115

4 a infusion saline Sp-cAMPS Sp-cAMPS Rp-cAMPS b glucagon glucagon GR-antagonist phosphorylated/ nonp phosphorylated A1 peptide trary intensity) (arbi P-A1 A1 1 * liver mrna levels fold-increase vs. saline) (f 1.5 GPase PEPCK saline glucagon Sp-cAMPS c ity (μcig -1 ) specific activ i.v. saline i.v. glucagon GR-antagonist i.v. glucagon d plasma glucose (mmoll -1 ) 1 i.v. saline i.v. glucagon GR-antagonist i.v. glucagon e plasma insulin n (ngml -1 ) i.v. glucagon * * i.v. glucagon injection GR-antagonist i.v. glucagon injection HFD i.v. glucagon injection Supplementary Figure. a: PKA activity. Rats were pre-treated with Rp-cAMPS or saline from t = -9 min followed by co-infusion with Sp-cAMPS from t= 9-1 min. Another group received only from t=-1 min. Relative level of phosphorylated:nonphosphorylated peptide substrate (index of PKA activity) was increased (*P <.5 vs. other groups) following Sp-cAMPS (n=5) versus Sp-cAMPS Rp-cAMPS (n=5) or (n=). tissue was obtained immediately after the clamps. b: Hepatic mrna expressions of glucose--phosphatase (GPase) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) in rats that received, glucagon, or glucagon g GR-antagonist infusions were unchanged following clamp experiments (n= per group). c: Specific activity y( (μcig -1 ) and d: plasma glucose levels (mmoll -1 ) during clamp conditions (t=15-1 min) in rats that received iv glucagon or saline infusion. Specific activity and plasma glucose levels remained constant in rats that received saline iv saline infusions (n=), iv glucagon infusions (n=7), and GR-antagonist iv glucagon infusions (n=7). e: Plasma insulin levels (ngml -1 ) in rats that underwent intravenous (iv) glucagon injections at t=min. Rats which were fed with a high-fat diet (HFD, n=) had -fold elevated basal plasma insulin levels compared with regular chow-fed rats (*P <.1 vs. other groups) and a greater peak insulin response to iv glucagon injection at t=1 min than both regular chow-fed groups (*P <.5 vs. iv glucagon injec on, n=7; P <.5 vs. GR-antagonist iv glucagon injection, n=). Values are means SEM. Nature Medicine doi:1.13/nm.3115

5 Supplementary Table 1. Basal plasma glucose (mmol/l), insulin (ng/ml), and glucagon (pg/ml) levels for treatment groups during basal and clamp conditions. Basal glucose (mmol/l) insulin (ng/ml) glucagon (pg/ml). ±.3 (n=37). ±.1 (n=37).5 ± 3.9 (n=37) Clamp Saline mab GRantagonist Rp-cAMPS H-9 Sp-cAMPS Sp-cAMPS Rp-cAMPS (n= 9) (n=) (n=) (n=) (n=5) (n=5) (n=5) (n=5) glucose (mmol/l) 7.7 ±.1.5 ±. 7. ±.. ± ±. 7. ±.3 7. ± 1.3. ±.1 insulin (ng/ml).7 ±.9. ±.3.7 ±.1. ±.9. ±.1.7 ±.9.7 ±.1. ±.1 glucagon (pg/ml) 5.5 ±.9.1 ± ± ± ±. 1.3 ±.. ± ±. Nature Medicine doi:1.13/nm.3115

6 Supplementary Table. Basal plasma glucose (mmol/l), insulin (ng/ml), and glucagon (pg/ml) levels for iv glucagon infusion clamp experiments. Glucose (mmol/l) Insulin (ng/ml) (pg/ml) iv saline (n=1) (n=) GR-antagonist (n=7) 7.7 ±.. ± ±.5 7. ±.1. ± ± ±.1. ± ± 3.5 Nature Medicine doi:1.13/nm.3115

7 Supplementary Table 3. Glucose production (mg kg -1 min -1 ) and specific activity (μci/g) during basal period (-9 min) for iv glucagon infusion clamp experiments. time (min) 7 9 Glucose production iv saline (n=1) (n=) GR-antagonist (n=7) 9.9 ±. 9.5 ±. 9.5 ±. 9. ±.5 1. ± ±. 9. ±.5 9. ±.5 1. ±. 1.5 ±.5 1. ±. 1.3 ±.5 Specific activity iv saline (n=1) (n=) GR-antagonist (n=7) 5. ± ± ± ±.3 7. ±.5.7 ± ± ±.9 9. ± ± ± ± 3.7 Nature Medicine doi:1.13/nm.3115