HAYESFIELD SCHOOL YEAR 1 A LEVEL PE REVISION BOOKLET APPLIED ANATOMY

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1 HAYESFIELD SCHOOL YEAR 1 A LEVEL PE REVISION BOOKLET APPLIED ANATOMY TOP TIPS FOR EXAMS: Read the question carefully! Check you have included enough marks for the questions. Don t leave any gaps attempt everything! Use practical examples. Carefully consider the key words in questions e.g. name/describe etc. Read graphs carefully. Take in a pencil (free body diagrams), highlighter (for questions) and a calculator. If you have time at the end check through your answers

2 The Skeletal System Label the blank skeleton. To extend yourself highlight the axial and appendicular skeleton. Can you remember the different roles the axial and appendicular skeleton play?

3 Synovial Joints Think about the key features of a joint, what are there structures and what are their functions? Ligament STRUCTURE FUNCTION Synovial fluid Articular cartilage Joint capsule Bursa Types of Joint Complete the table below to highlight the characteristics and locations of the different types of joints. Location in the body HINGE BALL & SOCKET GLIDING CONDYLOID PIVOT Characteristics

4 Planes of Movement Annotate your diagram to give information as to how planes of movement act in different directions. Sagittal Plane what actions can occur on the sagittal plane of movement? What do these look like? Type of movement Description Location in the body

5 Frontal Plane what actions can occur on the frontal plane of movement? What do these look like? Type of movement Description Location in the body Transverse Plane what actions can occur on the transverse plane of movement? What do these look like? Type of movement Description Location in the body

6 Making links! Can you link the types of joints with their planes of movement and types of motion that can occur? Joint Type Description Planes of movement Possible Motion Ball & Shoulder & Socket Hip Hinge Elbow, knee and ankle Condyloid Wrist Movement Analysis Key to exam technique, you will need to be able to highlight the joint type, articulating bones, joint type and movement patterns. Make sure you can do this for a range of movements! Joint Articulating Bones Joint Type Movements Wrist Elbow Shoulder

7 Muscular System Can you label the muscle of the human body? Don t forget the correct spellings and formal AS names! Muscles can only pull, they cannot push! They start at one point and end at the other (origin and insertion), what are the key features of these. ORIGIN INSERTION

8 Agonistic muscle pairs Muscles work in pairs as they can only pull, they cannot push. What is the role of the agonist, antagonist and fixator muscles? Agonist Antagonist Fixator Muscle Contractions Muscles can work in two ways: isometrically muscle contracts but does not change length (maths teachers!!), isotonically muscles contract whilst a change in length occurs (gin and tonic). Isotonic contractions can act in two ways. Can you explain each of these? Concentric Eccentric Think carefully when analysis which is the prime mover. In weight baring actions often the prime mover stays the same e.g. Bicep Curl for both the flexion and extension phase. When we complete sporting actions e.g. netball shot, the prime mover can change.

9 Movement Analysis with Muscles Now you have developed more knowledge you need to add the agonistic muscle, antagonistic muscle and contraction type to being able to highlight the joint type, articulating bones, joint type and movement patterns. Make sure you can do this for a range of movements! Joint Wrist Articulating Bones Joint Type Movements Agonist Antagonist Contraction Types Elbow Shoulder The Core and Shoulder (rotator cuff) Muscles in Focus

10 Muscles in Action Complete the table as key revision what do each of the actions look like? Joint Joint Movement Agonist Antagonist UPPER LIMB Wrist Flexion Extension Radio-ulnar Pronation Supination Elbow Flexion Extension Shoulder Flexion Extension Horizontal Flexion Horizontal Extension Abduction Adduction Lateral Rotation Medial Rotation SPINE Spine Flexion Extension

11 Lateral Flexion Rotation LOWER LIMB Hip Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction Lateral Rotation Medial Rotation Knee Flexion Extension Ankle Dorsiflexion Plantar Flexion

12 The Motor Unit and Skeletal Muscle Contraction Skeletal muscles are attached to the skeleton and can only contract when stimulated by an electrical impulse sent from the Central Nervous System (CNS). Can you annotate the diagram below to explain the role of each of the different parts of the motor unit. The point at which the axons motor end plates meet the muscle fibre is called the neuromuscular junction. Have a go at explaining the way in which the all of none law acts to create a muscular contraction.

13 Muscle Fibre Types Muscles are made up of different fibres and motor neurons stimulate one of three different types of muscle fibres to suit different actions or types of events. Can you highlight the relevant information on the muscle fibre types below? Neuron size Fibres per neuron Capillary density Mitochondria density Phosphocreatine stores Speed of contraction Force of contraction Fatigue resistance Aerobic capacity Anaerobic capacity Which athlete would have these? Slow Oxidative Fast Oxidative Glycolytic Fast Glycolytic STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS SPORTING APPLICATION Be aware that in exams you may need to read graphs, considering the type, force and time related to each muscle fibre type. Have a look at the graphs on page 24 to ensure you are confident at doing this. Muscle Fibre Types and Recovery Rates Use the space below to consolidate your understanding on MFTs and recovery rates (use page 25 to help you).

14 Examination Questions

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17 The Cardiovascular System The heart and lungs work together to supply the working muscles with oxygen. This occurs in two circuits in the human body, the pulmonary and systemic circuit. For your exam you will need to be aware of the different roles and parts of these two circuits and the heart itself. Remember: as we label the heart we imagine we are looking at a body lying on a table. What is the difference in muscle size thickness between the right and the left size of the heart and why do you think this might be the case? The Pathway of Blood You need to know the pathway of blood for each of the sides of the heart, use the space below to record this. Left side of the Heart Right side of the Heart

18 The Conduction System It is important that you know the conduction system of the heart, as the heart is myogenic (generates its own heart beat). Can you list and describe the 5 stages of the conduction system of the Heart? The Cardiac Cycle The cardiac cycle refers to the process of cardiac muscle contraction to move blood through the chambers of the heart. There are three main phases, diastole, atrial systole and atrial diastole. Describe each stage below. Diastole (0.4s) Atrial Systole (0.1s) Ventricular Systole (0.3s)

19 Some exam questions can be really challenging and ask how you bring together both the cardiac cycle and conduction system. Use the table below to bring everything together for the big marks in the exam paper! Conduction Cause Event Effect No electrical impulse SA node fires an electrical impulse through the atria walls to the AV node. AV node delays the impulse. Bundle of His splits and passes the impulse through the two branches to the purkyne fibres in both ventricle walls. Values of the Heart HR max (bpm) = 220 age You need to be aware of key values and definitions for the values of the heart. Record these below. Heart Rate (HR) Stroke Volume (SV) Cardiac Output (Q) Definition Value Untrained Value Trained Cardiac Response to Exercise Maximal exercise is at high intensity above a performers aerobic capacity which will take a performer to exhaustion and is associated with fatigue and anaerobic work. Sub-maximal work is at low to moderate intensity within a performers aerobic capacity or below anaerobic threshold, it is aerobic work. Use the table space below to highlight the effect of exercise on HR, SV and Q. You may need to use page HR SV Q

20 Heart Rate Regulation Although the heart is myogenic, when situations arise a response or change in HR may be required. The ANS (autonomic nervous system) determines the firing rate of the SA node. The higher the firing rate the higher the HR. This is controlled by the CCC in the medulla oblongata though neural, intrinsic and hormonal control. Neural Control Intrinsic Control Hormonal Control Chemoreceptors Proprioceptors Baroreceptors Temperature Venous return Adrenaline and Noradrenaline Where this is located and the effect it has on HR. If the HR is to increase it will act through the sympathetic nervous system (accelerator nerve), however if the HR is to decrease the parasympathetic nervous system will begin to act and will inhibit the effects on the SA node through the vagus nerve. Can you explain below how these control mechanisms might support recovery? The Vascular System The blood in the body is 45% cells and 55% plasma and has the following three functions:

21 Annotate the diagram below to describe the structure and characteristics of the blood vessels of the body. What can veins and arteries do to control blood flow? Venous Return Venous return is the return of blood back to the heart through veins and venules. As we exercise and the requirement for oxygenated blood increases, there is a greater need for additional mechanisms which assist the output (Starling s Law). The mechanisms of venous return include (add information): Pocket Valves Smooth Muscle Respiratory Pump Muscle Pump Gravity

22 Redistribution of Blood During Exercise When we exercise we redirect our blood away from non-vital organs and to skeletal muscles. Can you explain how this changes across intensities and the impact this has on performance and our bodies efficiency. The Vascular Shunt Mechanism The movement of blood from one area of the body to another is controlled by the vascular shunt mechanism. Before the capillary there is a pre-capillary sphincter which can control the blood flow to the capillary by constricting and dilating. During exercise arterioles and pre-capillary sphincters constrict to the organs and dilate to the working muscles. What impact do you think the vascular shunt mechanism may have on performance?

23 Vasomotor Control Alike the CCC, the VCC controls the flow of blood to the body. It is again located in the medulla oblongata and receives information from two locations the chemoreceptors and baroreceptors. Chemoreceptors Baroreceptors This causes sympathetic stimulation to increase vasoconstriction of arterioles and pre-capillary sphincters to limit blood flow to the muscles at rest and to increase vasodilation of arterioles and pre-capillary sphincters to increase blood flow to the muscles during exercise. Examination Questions

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25 The Respiratory System The respiratory system has two main functions pulmonary ventilation and gaseous exchange. Describe these below: Pulmonary Ventilation Gaseous Exchange External respiration Internal respiration - The Structure of the Respiratory System Remember No Physical Exercise Leads To Big Bums + A

26 Gas Transport CO2 and O2 are essential gasses to be transported around the body. We transport these in different ways: Oxygen Carbon Dioxide Values of the Lungs You need to be aware of key values and definitions for the values of the respiratory system. Record these below. Breathing Rate (f) Tidal Volume (TV) Minute Ventilation (VE) Definition Value Untrained Value Trained Respiratory Response to Exercise Use the table space below to highlight the effect of exercise on f, TV and VE. You may need to use page f VE TV

27 Mechanics of Breathing Remember the acronym Morgan Must Teach Layla Ice-skating. Use the table below to show how the mechanics of breathing change between rest and during exercise. Muscles At Rest During Exercise Movement Thoracic Cavity Volume Lung Pressure Inspiration/Expiration Respiratory Control Alike the CCC, the RCC controls the respiratory rates. It is again located in the medulla oblongata and receives information from the chemoreceptors, proprioceptors, thermoreceptors and baroreceptors. Chemoreceptors Baroreceptors Proprioceptors Thermoreceptors There are two centres which act for the regulation of the respiratory (inspiration and expiration centre). Use the space below to highlight how this affects the nerves and muscles.

28 Gaseous Exchange Key definition to learn in relation to gaseous exchange: Partial Pressure Diffusion Diffusion Gradient

29 Using the diagram on the previous page, highlight the changes in partial pressures at various sites of the body. External and Internal Respiration Use the table below to highlight how external and internal respiration work and how they change between rest and exercise. AT REST EXTERNAL RESPIRATION DURING EXERCISE AT REST INTERNAL RESPIRATION DURING EXERCISE Oxygen Dissociation Haemoglobin can carry 4 oxygen molecules. Hb readily associates with oxygen when the PO2 is high and it forms oxyhaemoglobin. As the PO2 is low the oxygen readily dissociates with the Hb to provide O2 to the working muscles and repairing tissues. This relationship is shown in the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve. Make sure you are able to read off graphs to work out key facts associated with this curve (have a look at page 57 in the textbook).

30 The Bohr Effect In addition to the changes in PO2 there are other factors which cause the dissociation of oxygen to Hb. During exercise the muscle tissue: Increases in temperature Increases CO2 production (raising pco2) Increases LA production and carbonic acid which lowers ph These factors case the oxyhaemoglobin curve to shift to the right, this is known as the Bohr effect and as a result oxygen will dissociate more readily from Hb. Examination Questions