Ethnobotany. Lecture 32
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1 Ethnobotany. Lecture 32 Alexey Shipunov Minot State University April 19, 2013 Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 32 April 19, / 48
2 Outline 1 Plant remedies for nervous system: others Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 32 April 19, / 48
3 Khat, Catha edulis, Celastraceae, East Africa Evergreen shrub ecologically similar to coffee Leaves contain cathine (pseudonorephedrine), agonist of noardrenaline receptors, which mild psychoactive effects Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 32 April 19, / 48
4 Khat Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 32 April 19, / 48
5 Cathine Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 32 April 19, / 48
6 Areca nut, Areca catechu, Palmae, Southeast Asia Nuts are chewed with betle pepper (Piper betle, Piperaceae) leaves and slaked lime (Ca(OH) 2 ) Chemical reaction will free arecoline alkaloid (similar to nicotine), agonist of acetylcholine receptors Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 32 April 19, / 48
7 Areca nut vendor (Hainan, China) Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 32 April 19, / 48
8 Arecoline Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 32 April 19, / 48
9 Tobacco, Nicotiana tabacum, Solanaceae, Central America Perennial herb with large glanduliferous leaves Contain alkaloid nicotine binding to acetylcholine receptors and (among other effects) increases the level of brain dopamine Nicotine is a also a well-known natural insecticide Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 32 April 19, / 48
10 Nicotine Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 32 April 19, / 48
11 Kava, Piper methysticum, Piperaceae, Pacific Small shrub, roots are used to prepare sedative drink Active components are kavactones, stimulate inhibitory γ-aminobutyric GABA receptors Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 32 April 19, / 48
12 Kava Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 32 April 19, / 48
13 Kavactone Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 32 April 19, / 48
14 Hibiscus tea, Hibiscus sabdariffa, Malvaceae, Mediterranean Flower calyces (sepals) are dried and boiled Contain flavonoids (e.g., anthocyanin deplhinidin) and organic acids with multiple medicinal effects, e.g., lowering blood pressure Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 32 April 19, / 48
15 Hibiscus tea plant Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 32 April 19, / 48
16 Delphinidin anthocyanide Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 32 April 19, / 48
17 Rooibos tea, Aspalathus linearis, Leguminosae, South Africa Small shrub of Cape province Leaves contain high level of antioxidants such as aspalathin and nothofagin, fermented similarly to tea or yerba mate Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 32 April 19, / 48
18 Rooibos Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 32 April 19, / 48
19 Sedatives Plant remedies for nervous system: others Are often calling hypnotics, difference is mainly in a dose Plant sedatives are much safer than synthetic Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 32 April 19, / 48
20 Plant remedies for nervous system: others Valerian, Valeriana officinalis, Caprifoliaceae, Eurasia Valerianae radix Active components are valerian oils and iridoids valepotriates Interact with GABA receptors Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 32 April 19, / 48
21 Plant remedies for nervous system: others Valerian Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 32 April 19, / 48
22 Plant remedies for nervous system: others Valtrate valepotriate Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 32 April 19, / 48
23 Plant remedies for nervous system: others Hops, Humulus lupulus, Cannabaceae, Eurasia Lupuli flos Active components are unusual organic acids humulone and lupulone and their derivatives Helps to normalize sleep, also have antibacterial effects Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 32 April 19, / 48
24 Plant remedies for nervous system: others Hops (female inflorescences) Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 32 April 19, / 48
25 Plant remedies for nervous system: others Lemon balm, Melissa officinalis, Labiatae, Eurasia Melissae folium Active components are multi-component volatile oils including aldehydes Improve nervous disorders and also gastrointestinal problems; has antibacterial effects Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 32 April 19, / 48
26 Plant remedies for nervous system: others Melissa Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 32 April 19, / 48
27 Plant remedies for nervous system: others Red passion flower, Passiflora incarnata, Passifloraceae, South America Dried leaves are used pharmaceutically Active components suspected to be flavonoids As effective as oxazepam (serax) in treating nervous disorders (e.g., hysteria) Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 32 April 19, / 48
28 Plant remedies for nervous system: others Mandrake, Mandragora officinarum, Solanaceae, Central Asia Dried root contains atropine, scopolamine, hyoscyamine and podophyllin: all alkaloids Poisonous and hallucinogenic in large doses, hypnotic/sedative in small doses Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 32 April 19, / 48
29 Plant remedies for nervous system: others Mandrake, from Tacuinum Sanitatis (1474) Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 32 April 19, / 48
30 Mandrake Plant remedies for nervous system: others Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 32 April 19, / 48
31 Mandrake roots Plant remedies for nervous system: others Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 32 April 19, / 48
32 Antidepressants Plant remedies for nervous system: others Nerve tonics Plants with anti-depressant activity are rare Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 32 April 19, / 48
33 Plant remedies for nervous system: others St. John s wort, Hypericum perforatum, Hypericaceae, Eurasia Hyperici herba Hyperforin (derivative of terpenes) is the most active component Inhibition of synaptic uptake of several neurotransmitters: serotonin, dopamin, GABA etc. Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 32 April 19, / 48
34 Hyperforin Plant remedies for nervous system: others Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 32 April 19, / 48
35 Plant remedies for nervous system: others Hypericum perforatum Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 32 April 19, / 48
36 Analgesics Plant remedies for nervous system: others Cocaine and morphines are sometimes used as analgesics Aspirin-related anti-inflammatory drugs will be covered later Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 32 April 19, / 48
37 Plant remedies for nervous system: others Feverfew, Tanacetum parthenicum, Compositae, Eurasia Tanaceti parthenii herba Sesquiterpene lactones like parthenolide are responsible for the activity Suppress prostaglandine production Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 32 April 19, / 48
38 Parthenolide Plant remedies for nervous system: others Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 32 April 19, / 48
39 Feverfew Plant remedies for nervous system: others Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 32 April 19, / 48
40 Plant remedies for nervous system: others Memory enhancement Especially important in case of Altzheimer s disease (dementia) Often are inhibitors of acetylholinesterase Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 32 April 19, / 48
41 Plant remedies for nervous system: others Snowdrop, Galanthus nivalis, Amaryllidaceae, Mediterranean Contains alkaloid galantamine Slow down the progression of Altzheimer s disease Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 32 April 19, / 48
42 Galanthamine Plant remedies for nervous system: others Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 32 April 19, / 48
43 Snowdrop Plant remedies for nervous system: others Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 32 April 19, / 48
44 Plant remedies for nervous system: others Ginkgo, Ginkgo biloba, Ginkgoaceae, China Living fossil from China, natural habitats are lost Active components are diterpene lactones ginkgolides and glycosides such as ginkgetin Improve blood circulation in brain, have antioxidant effects, prevent degradation of synaptic receptors Also used to heal varicose veins Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 32 April 19, / 48
45 Ginkgo biloba Plant remedies for nervous system: others Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 32 April 19, / 48
46 Plant remedies for nervous system: others Ginkgolides and ginkgetins Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 32 April 19, / 48
47 Summary Plant remedies for nervous system: others Sedative and hypnotic chemicals are often non-alkaloids Mandrake is a real plant! Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 32 April 19, / 48
48 Plant remedies for nervous system: others For Further Reading A. Shipunov. Ethnobotany [Electronic resource] onwards. Mode of access: M. Heinrich and others. Fundamentals of pharmacognosy amd phytotherapy (selected chapters). [Electronic resource]. Churchhill Livingstone, Mode of access: school/biol_310/heinrich2004_fund_pharm_part.djvu Chapter 16. Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 32 April 19, / 48
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