Intermediate 2. Biology. Learning Outcomes

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1 Intermediate 2 Biology Learning Outcomes

2 Intermediate 2 Biology Unit 2 Cell structure and function State the similarities and differences between animal, plant and microbial cells. (cheek epithelial cell, leaf mesophyll cell and yeast cell). State the functions of the following cell structures; nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, cell wall, chloroplasts and vacuole. bread making alcohol production (fermentation) Describe the commercial and industrial uses of cells: antibiotic production (including sensitive and resistant bacteria) yoghurt production alternative fuel production (biogas and gashol).

3 Diffusion and osmosis in plant and animal cells State that diffusion is the movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration down a concentration gradient. Explain the importance of diffusion to cells (including raw materials and waste products). Describe osmosis as a special case of diffusion of water. use the terms hypertonic, hypotonic and osmotic correctly in reference to solutions Explain osmotic effects in plant and animal cells in terms of the movement of water down a concentration gradient: use the terms plasmolysed, turgid and flaccid correctly Enzyme Action Enzyme Properties State the properties of catalysts and enzymes.

4 Define enzymes as a biological catalysts found in living cells. Explain enzyme specificity in relation to its substrate. Include the presence of the active site. Explain what is meant by a synthesis and degradation reaction. Give an example of an enzyme involved in each and details of the substrates and products. Factors affecting enzyme activity Describe the influence of temperature and ph on enzyme activity. Explain the term optimum and use it correctly with reference to enzyme activity. Give the meaning of the word denatured in relation to enzyme activity.

5 Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration Energy release State that glucose is a source of energy in the cell, released by a series of enzyme-controlled reactions called respiration. State that some energy is released as heat but most is used for cellular activities (e.g. muscle contraction, cell division, protein synthesis). Describe the role of ATP in respiration (and the relationship between ATP, ADP and Pi). State that ATP is used as an energy source by cells. Compare the energy yields from aerobic and anaerobic respiration in terms of numbers of ATP molecules produced. Products Describe aerobic respiration (using the words glucose, pyruvic acid, glycolysis, carbon dioxide and water).

6 Describe anaerobic respiration as the breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid by glycolysis. State that anaerobic respiration in animals is reversible and results in the production of lactic acid. Describe the effect of lactic acid on muscle cells and subsequent repayment of the oxygen debt. State that anaerobic respiration in plants is irreversible and results in the production of ethanol and carbon dioxide. Photosynthesis State that photosynthesis a series of enzyme-controlled reactions by which green plants make their own food. Energy fixation State that sunlight is the source of energy for this stage (including the role of chloroplasts, chlorophyll and ATP).

7 Give the summary equation for photosynthesis (including raw materials, products and by products). Explain the importance of diffusion to the photosynthetic process. Describe photosynthesis as a set of two summary equations; photolysis followed by carbon fixation (describe each stage, raw materials and products of each). State that glucose is converted to other carbohydrates (storage and structural) and give an example of each. Factors limiting the rate of photosynthesis Name factors that can limit the rate of photosynthesis. Describe horticultural methods of producing early crops.

8 Intermediate 2 Biology Unit 2 Ecosystems Energy Flow Give the meanings of the words; habitat, population, community and ecosystem State the meanings of the words; producer, primary and secondary consumer, herbivore, carnivore, predator and decomposer. Give an example of each of these from a given food web. State that the arrows in a food web show the direction of energy flow Describe how energy can be lost from a food chain/web.

9 Describe pyramids of energy, numbers and biomass Factors affecting the variety of species in an ecosystem Define the meaning of the words species, niche and adaptation Describe how adaptation to habitat and niche influences the distribution of a species Give pollution and grazing as examples of factors which affect the variety of species in an ecosystem. Describe how human activity has lead to habitat destruction and the biodiversity crisis

10 Describe how populations within a food web could be affected by disruption of the food web Give an example of an animals behavioural adaptation to an environmental stimulus and give it s adaptive significance e.g. woodlice and light/humidity State that plants mainly compete for light and soil nutrients. State that animals compete for food, water and shelter. Factors affecting variety in a species Fertilisation State that in mammals the gametes are eggs and sperm, in plants they are pollen and eggs Give the sites of gamete production in both animals and plants

11 Describe what occurs during fertilisation State that the formation of a zygote produces variety by combining parental gametes Genetics State that chromosomes are a chain of DNA bases that encode information for a sequence of amino acids The amino acid sequence dictates the structure and function of proteins State that gametes have 1 set of chromosomes, whilst body cells have 2 sets of chromosomes State that the reduction in chromosome number occurs during gamete formation and that the full set is restored at fertilisation Describe the behaviour of chromosomes during the production of gametes and how this leads to variety in offspring

12 State that in humans, each male gamete has an X or a Y chromosome, while each female gamete has an X chromosome. State that a gene is part of a chromosome. Give the meaning of the word allele Give the meanings of the terms heterozygous and homozygous. Give the meanings of the words genotype and phenotype and give examples of similar phenotypes with different genotypes in simple genetic crosses State the meanings of the phrases true-breeding, dominant, recessive, monohybrid cross, P, F 1 and F 2

13 Explain why the predicted and observed figures in monohybrid crosses differ. Describe the effect of environment on phenotype and state that these changes have little evolutionary significance Define the term natural selection Describe the advantages and disadvantages of genetic engineering compared to selective breeding Give insulin as an example of a substance produced by genetic engineering

14 Intermediate 2 Biology Unit 3 Mammalian Nutrition Breakdown of Food Name the main food groups and give the simple structures of carbohydrates, proteins and fats in terms of the chemical elements present. Give an example of a vitamin and a mineral and state their use in the body. Compare the main food groups in terms of energy content. Define the word digestion (using the words soluble and insoluble). The structure and function of the alimentary canal and associated organs State the function of the mouth, salivary glands and oesophagus in digestion.

15 Describe the role of saliva in digestion. Describe the mechanism of peristalsis and describe where it occurs in the alimentary canal. Give the role of the stomach in digestion. State the muscles present in the stomach and describe their function. State the functions of mucussecreting cells, enzyme secreting cells and acid secreting cells in the stomach. Give the role of pepsin in digestion.

16 State the role of the small intestine in the further digestion, absorption and transport of food. Name the parts of a villus and describe the fate of absorbed materials. Describe the role of the pancreas, liver and gall bladder in digestion. State the role of the large intestine in water absorption and elimination of undigested material. Control of the internal environment Describe the structure of the human urinary system (to include the kidney, renal artery, renal vein, ureter, bladder and urethra).

17 The role of the mammalian kidney Define the word osmoregulation. State the ways in which water is lost or gained from the body. State that urea is a waste product from the breakdown of proteins and is removed from the body by the kidney (through urine). Describe the structure and function of the mammalian kidney (to include filtration, reabsorption and urine production in relation to the structure of a nephron). Relate filtration, reabsorption and urine production in the kidney to the function of the nephron, (to include the Bowman s capsule, glomerulus, blood capillaries and collecting duct).

18 Negative Feedback control by ADH Describe the role of the osmoreceptors, antidiuretic hormone and pituitary gland in negative feed back control. Relate the concentrations of ADH released to the permeability of the collecting ducts, the volume of water reabsorbed and the volume of urine produced. Osmoregulation in marine and freshwater bony fish marine fish Describe osmoregulation in marine and freshwater fish. freshwater fish marine fish Describe the problems posed to osmoregulation by both saltwater and freshwater environments and how both marine and freshwater fish overcome these problems. freshwater fish

19 Circulation and gas exchange The structure and function of the heart and blood vessels Describe the structure of the heart in relation to its function as a muscular pump. (to include the four chambers, valves, wall thickness and blood supply) State that the heart receives its blood supply from the coronary artery and describe what affect a blockage in this artery would have. Describe the path of blood flow through the heart and its associated vessels. Describe the functions of arteries, capillaries and veins; give structural adaptations of these blood vessels in relation to their function. Give the names and positions of; pulmonary artery and vein, aorta and vena cava, hepatic artery, hepatic vein, mesenteric artery, hepatic portal vein, renal artery and renal vein.

20 The structure and function of lungs in gas exchange and the capillary network Describe the internal structure of the lungs (to include trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli). Describe the features of the alveoli which allow efficient gas exchange Describe the role of diffusion in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Describe the features of the capillary network which allow efficient gas exchange in tissues. Composition and functions of Blood State the function of red blood cells and plasma in the transport of respiratory gases and food.

21 State the function of haemoglobin in the transport of oxygen. State the function of macrophages and lymphocytes in defence. Describe phagocytosis by macrophages. Describe antibody production and the specificity of antibodies. Sensory mechanisms and processing of information The structure and function of the brain State the functions of the cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla and hypothalamus.

22 State that discrete areas of the cerebrum are related to sensory/motor function. The structure and the function of the nervous system Describe the structure and function of the brain, spinal cord and nerves. Describe a reflex arc and state its function. Describe the role of the central nervous system (CNS). State that temperature regulation is a negative feedback mechanism and describe how an increase or decrease in body temperature would be brought about in response to an environmental change.

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Contact us: Class X Chapter 6 Life Processes Science Question 1: Why is diffusion insufficient to meet the oxygen requirements of multi-cellular organisms like humans? Multicellular organisms such as humans possess