Biology 105 Midterm Exam 4 Review Sheet

Transcription

1 Biology 105 Midterm Exam 4 Review Sheet The fourth midterm exam will cover the following lecture material (lectures 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, and 19): Blood (from chapter 11 in the textbook), Cardiovascular System (chapter 12), Immune System (chapter 13), Respiratory System (chapter 14), Digestive System (chapter 15), and Renal System (chapter 16). The exam will also contain a few questions pertaining to the Genetics Concepts that we discussed during Lab 9 on November 5 th and 7 th. Lecture 14 (chapter 11 Blood What kind of tissue is blood? What is the ratio of plasma to formed elements in blood? What are the compositions of blood, plasma, and formed elements? What are the functions of blood? What are examples of the proteins found in blood, and what are the functions of these blood proteins? Where are blood cells formed? Which type of cell gives rise to platelets by breaking into fragments? How is the production of RBCs regulated? Which hormone regulates their production, and which organ produces this hormone? What is the effect of carbon monoxide poisoning? What are the characteristics, functions, and life spans of RBCs, WBCs, and platelets? What are the types of white blood cells and their functions? Know the steps of clot formation and how a clot is removed. Which vitamin is necessary for clotting to occur? Which common drug inhibits clotting? What is an example of a genetic disorder that affects blood clotting? What are the major blood types? Which antigens/antibodies does each blood type have? Which blood types can donate to each other? What is the universal donor, and the universal recipient? What is the Rh factor, and what problems does it cause in pregnancy and blood donation? What is the result of a reaction to a foreign blood type antigen? What is anemia? What is leukemia? Plasma, formed elements, hemoglobin, oxyhemoglobin, stem cells, thrombocytes, megakaryocytes, leukocytes, phagocytes, histamine, dilate, permeable, erythrocytes, biconcave, erythropoietin, glycoproteins, agglutination, antibodies, antigen 1

2 Lecture 15 (chapter 12) Cardiovascular System What are the functions and components of the cardiovascular system? What are the components of the blood vessels and their functions? What would the cross-section of a vein, artery, and capillary look like? What is the path of the blood through the body (starting with the aorta, which kinds of blood vessels does the blood pass through before returning to the heart)? How do arterioles affect blood pressure? What are the pressures that cause fluid to enter and leave the capillaries, and what pressure causes gases to enter and leave the capillaries? What is the function of capillaries? What are the chambers of the heart? What is the pathway of blood flow through the heart? You should be able to describe the cardiac cycle! What are heart valves and where are they located? How is the heartbeat regulated, both intrinsically and extrinsically? What records the electrical changes that occur in the myocardium during a cardiac cycle? What are the three waves on the ECG, and what happens during each of the waves on the ECG? What causes blood to flow in the arteries and in the veins? What measures blood pressure? What are the pulmonary, systemic, renal, hepatic portal, and coronary circuits? (Which tissues do they go to?) What are the causes and effects of the cardiovascular diseases discussed in lecture? How can you prevent high blood pressure? What are the functions of the lymphatic system? What are the components of the lymphatic system and their functions? What causes fluids to travel through lymphatic vessels? Lumen, vasoconstriction, vasodilation, osmotic pressure, blood pressure, septum, capillary, artery, vein, arteriole, venule, vena cava, aorta, sinoatrial node (SA), atrioventricular node (AV), pericardium, myocardium, endocardium, cardiac cycle, systole, diastole, atrioventricular bundle, Purkinje fibers, extrinsic control, intrinsic control, electrocardiogram, pulse, systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, sphygmomanometer, coronary arteries, renal circuit, hepatic portal circuit, coronary circuit, hypertension Lecture 16 (chapter 13) Immune System What are the components of barrier defenses? What are the non-specific defenses and the specific defenses? What are the differences between these two defenses? What are the three types of lymphocytes? 2

3 Which are part of the specific and which are part of the non-specific defense systems? How does the body mount an inflammatory response and what are the effects on the body? What are the functions of complement proteins and interferons? What is the function of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) markers? T cells and B cells: Where are they produced and where do they mature? Where are they found once they have matured? Are they part of the cell-mediated or antibody-mediated defenses? What are the types of T cells, and what are their functions? What are antibodies and how are they produced? What effects do they have? What are memory cells and plasma cells? How does clonal selection work? What is the function of antigen-presenting cells (APCs)? What are the targets of autoimmune diseases and allergies (= SELF and harmless antigens)? Antigen, antibodies, immunity, pathogen, lysozyme, histamine, permeable, transcription, translation, acquired immunity Lecture 17 (chapter 14) Respiratory System What is the function of the respiratory system? What are the locations and functions of all the parts of the respiratory system? In particular, what are the parts and functions of the nasal cavity and the larynx? Which cell types line the trachea and what are their functions? Where does the exchange of gases occur in the lungs? What controls the rate of breathing? You should be able to discuss the mechanics of breathing (inhalation and exhalation). How are oxygen and carbon dioxide carried in the blood? You do not need to know the chemical equation of bicarbonate formation. Goblet cell, sinuses, epiglottis, surfactant, diaphragm, intercostal muscles, inhalation/inspiration, exhalation/expiration, tidal volume, oxyhemoglobin, chemoreceptors Lecture 18 (chapter 15) Digestive System What is the purpose of the digestive system? 3

4 What is the difference between mechanical and chemical digestion? What are the four layers of the GI tract? How would you describe each of the layers and what are the functions of the different layers? What is the function of the goblet cells? What are the major parts of the digestive system and their functions? Be able to describe the parts of the digestive system (mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder). In particular, what are the parts of the mouth and their functions? What is the function of the acid secreted in the stomach? What are the three regions of the small intestine? How is food absorbed in the small intestine? What is the structure of villi, and what are the roles of blood capillaries and lacteals? What type of muscle is found in the wall of the GI tract? How many layers of muscle are in the stomach and in the rest of the GI tract? What is the function of these muscles? What are the main components of the large intestine and their functions? What three kinds of substances does the pancreas release, and what are the functions of these substances? What are the three primary functions of the liver, and what does bile do? For digestive enzymes, you should know: Their overall function (= to break down macromolecules into smaller molecules). The four primary sites of release. The three primary sites of action. How are digestive secretions controlled? Be able to describe the three examples of neural control that we discussed. Gastrointestinal (GI) tract, digestion, absorption, mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, lumen, peristalsis, chyme, bolus, sphincters, villi, microvilli, brush border, lacteals, goblet cells, emulsification, feces Lecture 19 (chapter 16) Renal System What are the functions of the renal system? What are the organs of the renal system and their functions, including all the functions of the kidney? What are the three regions of the kidney? What is the function of a nephron? What are the parts of the nephron and the functions of these parts? What are glomerular filtration, reabsorption, and secretion in the nephron? What is contained in the filtrate leaving the renal corpuscle? Which kinds of compounds are reabsorbed and which kinds are secreted? How is urinary output regulated? 4

5 Which hormones decrease or increase urinary output? What effect on blood pressure do these hormones have? Where are these hormones produced? What is their effect on the nephron? What is the cause of diabetes insipidus? What is the effect of renin on urine production and blood pressure? What is the function of erythropoietin, what is its target, and where is it produced? How does the kidney regulate blood ph and maintain osmotic balance? How does the regulation of salt/water balance affect blood pressure? How does urination occur? Excretion, renal pyramid, renal corpuscle, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion, filtration, filtrate Lab Genetics Autosomal disorders difference between recessive and dominant autosomal disorders, and examples of recessive and dominant autosomal disorders. What are genetic counseling and genetic screening? You do not need to know all the different kinds of genetic screening that we talked about in lab. You should understand the following vocabulary terms: gene, allele, phenotype, genotype, parental (P) generation, first filial (F1) generation, X-linked, autosomal disorder, autosomal chromosome, heterozygous, homozygous, recessive, dominant 5