Pediatric Ophthalmology, Neuro-Ophthalmology, Genetics

Transcription

1 Essentials in Ophthalmology Pediatric Ophthalmology, Neuro-Ophthalmology, Genetics Bearbeitet von Birgit Lorenz, Anthony Moore 1. Auflage Buch. xvi, 240 S. Hardcover ISBN Format (B x L): 17 x 24,2 cm Gewicht: 616 g Weitere Fachgebiete > Philosophie, Wissenschaftstheorie, Informationswissenschaft > Wissenschaften Interdisziplinär > Naturwissenschaften, Technik, Medizin schnell und portofrei erhältlich bei Die Online-Fachbuchhandlung beck-shop.de ist spezialisiert auf Fachbücher, insbesondere Recht, Steuern und Wirtschaft. Im Sortiment finden Sie alle Medien (Bücher, Zeitschriften, CDs, ebooks, etc.) aller Verlage. Ergänzt wird das Programm durch Services wie Neuerscheinungsdienst oder Zusammenstellungen von Büchern zu Sonderpreisen. Der Shop führt mehr als 8 Millionen Produkte.

2 Chapter 1 Development of Ocular Refraction: Lessons from Animal Experiments Frank Schaeffel, Howard C. Howland 1.1 Introduction Overview on the Experimental Results in Animal Models What Is the Evidence for Visual Control of Refractive Development and Axial Eye Growth? Which Kind of Visual Stimulation Induces Refractive Errors in Animal Models? What Is Known About the Retinal Image Processing That Leads to Refractive Errors? How Long Must Defocus Persist to Induce Changes in Eye Growth? What Is Known About the Tissue Responses and the Signaling Cascade from the Retina to the Sclera? Can Animal Models Help to Improve the Management of Myopia in Children? Undercorrection, Overcorrection, and Full Correction of Myopia Reading Glasses Contact Lenses Versus Spectacle Lenses Illumination, Reading Distance, Computer Work Versus Reading Text in a Book How Long Must the Near Work Be Performed to Induce Myopia? Night Light, Blue Light How Could Visual Acuity Improve Without Glasses? Age Window for Intervention Pharmacological Intervention for Myopia Emmetropization in Hyperopia with and Without Optical Correction Summary of Effects of Different Intervention Regimens on Myopia 15 References Chapter 2 Preschool Vision Screening: Is It Worthwhile? Josefin Ohlsson, Johan Sjöstrand 2.1 Introduction Definition of Screening Aims of Vision Screening Preschool Vision Screening Definition of Preschool Vision Screening Target Conditions for Preschool Vision Screening Natural History of Untreated Amblyopia Whom to Screen? Vision Screening Methodology What Test to Use for Screening? Visual Acuity Stereo Tests Orthoptic Assessment Photorefractive Screening Cost-Effectiveness of Different Tests Who Should Perform the Screening? At What Level Should Pass/ Fail Criteria Be Set? When to Screen? Treatment Outcome and Age

3 X Testability and Age Age at Vision Screening and Risk of New Cases or Rebounding Amblyopia Age and Psychosocial Impact of Treatment Current Recommendations on Suitable Age for Vision Screening The Effect of Preschool Vision Screening The Necessity of High Participation Rates Evaluating the Effect of Preschool Vision Screening What is the Best Buy for Vision Screening? Early Versus Late Vision Screening What Test Should Be Used? What Age Is the Best Buy for Preschool Vision Screening? Is Preschool Vision Screening Worthwhile? The Risk of Losing the Nonamblyopic Eye Is It Disabling to Be Amblyopic? Cost-Effectiveness of Screening and Treatment for Amblyopia Future Evidence Needed References Chapter 3 Modern Treatment of Amblyopia Michael Clarke 3.1 Introduction What Is Amblyopia? Should Amblyopia Be Treated? What Difference Does It Make When the Patient Is a Child? Why Treat Amblyopia? What Are Patient Perceptions of the Disability Due to Amblyopia? Identification of Amblyopia Treatment of Amblyopia Evidence for Effectiveness of Amblyopia Treatment Correction of Refractive Error Patching Atropine Why Does Amblyopia Treatment Not Always Work? New Developments L-DOPA Visual Stimulation Translation into Practice References Chapter 4 Retinopathy of Prematurity: Molecular Mechanism of Disease Lois E.H. Smith 4.1 Introduction Pathogenesis: Two Phases of ROP Phase I of ROP Phase II of ROP Mouse Model of ROP Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Oxygen in ROP VEGF and Phase II of ROP VEGF and Phase I of ROP Other Growth Factors Are Involved in ROP IGF-1 Deficiency in the Preterm Infant GH and IGF-1 in Phase II of ROP IGF-1 and VEGF Interaction Low Levels of IGF-I and Phase I of ROP Clinical Studies: Low IGF-1 Is Associated with Degree of ROP Low IGF-1 Is Associated with Decreased Vascular Density IGF-1 and Brain Development Conclusion: A Rationale for the Evolution of ROP References Chapter 5 Screening for Retinopathy of Prematurity Birgit Lorenz 5.1 Introduction The Disease Classification Treatment Requiring ROP Treatment of Acute ROP Epidemiology of ROP Risk Factors Incidence of ROP Screening Guidelines Screening Methods

4 XI Conventional Screening Digital Photography Telemedicine Conclusions References Chapter 6 Controversies in the Management of Infantile Cataract Scott R. Lambert 6.1 Introduction Epidemiology Optimal Age for Infantile Cataract Surgery Aphakic Glaucoma Pupillary Membranes Lens Reproliferation General Anesthesia During the Neonatal Period Visual Rehabilitation in Children with a Unilateral Congenital Cataract Visual Rehabilitation in Children with Bilateral Congenital Cataracts Contact Lenses Intraocular Lenses Surveys of North American Pediatric Ophthalmologists Infant Aphakia Treatment Study Eligibility Criteria Surgical Procedure for Infants Randomized to Contact Lenses Surgical Procedure for Infants Randomized to IOL Type of IOL IOL Power Bilateral Simultaneous Surgery Endophthalmitis Visual Rehabilitation References Chapter 7 Management of Infantile Glaucoma Thomas S. Dietlein, Guenter K. Krieglstein 7.1 Classification Diagnostic Aspects Clinical Background Tonometry Optic Disc Evaluation Sonography Corneal Morphology Visual Field Testing Objective Refraction Medical Treatment Miotics Beta-Blockers Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors Prostaglandins Alpha-2 Agonists Surgical Therapy Goniotomy Trabeculotomy Trabeculotomy Combined with Trabeculectomy Trabeculectomy Use of Antifibrotic Agents Glaucoma Implants Nonperforating Glaucoma Surgery Cyclodialysis Cyclodestructive Procedures Surgical Iridectomy (Laser Iridotomy) Special Aspects Surgical Complications Intraoperative Complications Postoperative Complications Prognosis Concluding Remarks References Chapter 8 Pediatric Ocular Oncology Carol L. Shields, Jerry A. Shields 8.1 General Considerations Clinical Signs of Childhood Ocular Tumors Diagnostic Approaches Therapeutic Approaches Eyelid Tumors Capillary Hemangioma Facial Nevus Flammeus Kaposi s Sarcoma Basal Cell Carcinoma Melanocytic Nevus Neurofibroma Neurilemoma (Schwannoma)

5 XII 8.3 Conjunctival Tumors Dermoid Epibulbar Osseous Choristoma Complex Choristoma Papilloma Nevus Congenital Ocular Melanocytosis Pyogenic Granuloma Kaposi s Sarcoma Intraocular Tumors Retinoblastoma Retinal Capillary Hemangioma Retinal Cavernous Hemangioma Retinal Racemose Hemangioma Astrocytic Hamartoma of Retina Melanocytoma of the Optic Nerve Intraocular Medulloepithelioma Choroidal Hemangioma Choroidal Osteoma Uveal Nevus Uveal Melanoma Congenital Hypertrophy of Retinal Pigment Epithelium Leukemia Orbital Tumors Dermoid Cyst Teratoma Capillary Hemangioma Lymphangioma Juvenile Pilocytic Astrocytoma Rhabdomyosarcoma Granulocytic Sarcoma (Chloroma) Lymphoma Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis Metastatic Neuroblastoma References Chapter 9 Paediatric Electrophysiology: A Practical Approach Graham E. Holder, Anthony G. Robson 9.1 Introduction Electrophysiological Techniques Electroretinography Pattern Electroretinography Cortical Visual Evoked Potentials Electro-oculography Investigation of Night Blindness Retinitis Pigmentosa (Rod Cone Dystrophy) Congenital Stationary Night Blindness Enhanced S-Cone Syndrome Early Onset Nystagmus Cone and Cone Rod Dystrophy Leber Congenital Amaurosis Cone Dysfunction Syndromes Albinism Optic Nerve Hypoplasia Visual Impairment in Multisystem Disorders Investigation of Children Who Present with Unexplained Visual Acuity Loss Macular Dystrophies Optic Nerve Dysfunction Unexplained Visual Loss in the Normal Child Amblyopia Nonorganic Visual Loss Conclusions References Chapter 10 Clinical and Molecular Genetic Aspects of Leber s Congenital Amaurosis Robert Henderson, Birgit Lorenz, Anthony T. Moore 10.1 Introduction Clinical Findings Differential Diagnosis Molecular Genetics GUCY-2D (LCA1 Locus) RPE65 (LCA2) CRX AIPL1 (LCA4) RPGRIP1 (LCA6) TULP CRB RDH Other Loci Heterozygous Carriers Future Therapeutic Avenues Gene Therapy Retinal Transplantation and Stem Cell Therapy Pharmacological Therapies References

6 XIII Chapter 11 Childhood Stationary Retinal Dysfunction Syndromes Michel Michaelides, Anthony T. Moore 11.1 Introduction Stationary Retinal Dysfunction Syndromes Rod Dysfunction Syndromes (Stationary Night Blindness) Cone Dysfunction Syndromes Management of Stationary Retinal Dysfunction Syndromes Conclusions References Chapter 12 Childhood Retinal Detachment Arabella V. Poulson, Martin P. Snead 12.1 Introduction Trauma Blunt Ocular Trauma Penetrating Ocular Trauma Nontraumatic Retinal Dialysis Familial Retinal Detachment The Stickler Syndromes Kniest Syndrome Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia Congenita Spondyloepimetaphyseal Dysplasia (Strudwick Type) Vitreoretinopathy Associated with Phalangeal Epiphyseal Dysplasia Dominant Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment Marfan Syndrome Ehlers Danlos Syndrome Wagner Vitreoretinopathy X-Linked Retinoschisis Familial Exudative Vitreoretinopathy Norrie Disease Incontinentia Pigmenti Retinal Detachment Complicating Developmental Abnormalities Congenital Cataract Ocular Coloboma Optic Disc Pits and Serous Macular Detachment Retinopathy of Prematurity Other Inflammatory or Infectious Exudative Retinal Detachment Prophylaxis in Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment References Chapter 13 Eye Manifestations of Intrauterine Infections Marilyn Baird Mets, Ashima Verma Kumar 13.1 Introduction Toxoplasma gondii Agent and Epidemiology Diagnosis Systemic Manifestations Eye Manifestations Treatment Prevention Rubella Virus Agent and Epidemiology Transmission Diagnosis Systemic Manifestations Eye Manifestations Treatment Prevention Cytomegalovirus Agent and Epidemiology Transmission Diagnosis Systemic Manifestations Eye Manifestations Treatment Prevention Herpes Simplex Virus Agent and Epidemiology Transmission Diagnosis Systemic Manifestations Eye Manifestations Treatment Prevention

7 XIV 13.6 Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Agent and Epidemiology Transmission Diagnosis Systemic Manifestations Eye Manifestations Treatment Prevention Others Treponema Pallidum Varicella Zoster Virus Human Immunodeficiency Virus Epstein Barr Virus West Nile Virus Agent and Epidemiology Transmission Diagnosis Systemic and Eye Manifestations Treatment Prevention References Chapter 14 Nonaccidental Injury. The Pediatric Ophthalmologist s Role Alex V. Levin 14.1 Introduction Basics Reporting Testifying Physical Abuse Blunt Trauma Shaken Baby Syndrome Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy (Factitious Illness by Proxy) Sexual Abuse Neglect and Noncompliance Emotional Abuse Conclusion References Subject Index