Announcements. Next Aplia due Monday Exam Next Wednesday (April 2) Review session Next Monday (Mar 31) 5:30 pm,, room 130 ILC
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1 Announcements Next Aplia due Monday Exam Next Wednesday (April 2) Review session Next Monday (Mar 31) 5:30 pm,, room 130 ILC
2
3 Cognition & Emotion E. Cognition in depression 1. Distorted cognitions create depression 2. Cognitive distortions (or errors) a. Overgeneralization b. Selective abstraction c. Magnification & Minimization d. All or Nothing thinking 3. Therapy: Changing cognitions changes emotions 4. Sadder but Wiser phenomenon
4 Sadder but Wiser Study (Alloy and Abramson) Press Button A or Button B. After each press Light Turns on (Win 25 cents) or Light remains dim (No Win) "How much control did you have?" No relationship between button pushed and winning!
5 25% 75%
6 Nondepressed people may suffer either from illusions of control or noncontrol, depending on the circumstances. These illusions help them to see themselves and their world with a "rosy glow" and may help them persist when things go wrong.
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8 On to the next topic
9 Learning When I think back on all the CRAP I learned in High School
10 A simple illustration of learning
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14 I. Overview and general issues A. What the heck is learning? = the ability to modify behavior after exposure to a situation. Learning is a relatively permanent change in an organism s behavior due to experience. B. Theories of learning must reconcile that we have "hardwired" reflexes, yet are capable of modifying those reflexes Experience-dependent neural plasticity!
15 I. Overview and general issues C. Today, associative learning 1. This can range from very simple to terribly complex 2. Can explain some very interesting phenomena: a. Training animals b. Superstitious behavior c. Phobias (irrational fears): more later
16 I. Overview and general issues 3. Two types of associative learning: a. Classical: learn that one event is followed by another b. Operant: learn that a response you make will be followed by a consequence
17 Stimulus Stimulus Learning (Classical) Learning to associate one stimulus with another.
18 Response Consequence Learning (Operant) Learning to associate a response with a consequence.
19 I. Overview and general issues 4. Similarities between the types of learning: both Behavioral a. Simple learning of associations are the building blocks b. Simple laws govern all learned behaviors c. Learning is best understood by examining causes external to the organism (no need to look inside the black box)
20 II. Pavlov and Classical Conditioning A. Ivan Pavlov (CC) 1. History: There was a problem in Pavlov's experiments 2. Pavlov therefore decided to study this phenomenon of salivation before food presentation B. Pavlov's "Classical" CC experiment: Tone turned on before meat powder presented
21 Before Conditioning Conditioned Stimulus (CS) Tone No Response or Irrelevant Response UnConditioned Stimulus (UCS) Food UnConditioned Response (UCR) Drool!
22 During Conditioning Conditioned Stimulus (CS) Tone Animal Learns that Tone Precedes Delivery of Food! Some Drool Possible UnConditioned Stimulus (UCS) Food UnConditioned Response (UCR) Drool!
23 After Conditioning Conditioned Stimulus (CS) Tone Conditioned Response (CR) Drool!! UnConditioned Stimulus (UCS) Food UnConditioned Response (UCR) Drool!
24 Conditioning With Smiles and Smarties Conditioned Stimulus (CS) Conditioned Response (CR) UnConditioned Stimulus (UCS) UnConditioned Response (UCR)
25 Applications of CC A. Little Albert A. Furry White Rat (CS) B. Paired with Loud Gong (UCS) C. Fear following Loud Noise (UCR) D. Fear then followed White Rat (CR) E. Generalized to other fuzzy harmless things
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27 Applications of CC A. Little Albert ( A. Furry White Rat (CS) B. Paired with Loud Gong (UCS) C. Fear following Loud Noise (UCR) D. Fear then followed White Rat (CR) E. Generalized to other fuzzy harmless things B. Heroin and Needles: Overdoses in unusual environments
28 Conditioning and Drug Tolerance: I Conditioned Stimulus (CS) Environment Room, Friends, Music, etc None Initially UnConditioned Stimulus (UCS) UnConditioned Response (UCR) Euphoria heroin
29 Conditioning and Drug Tolerance: II Conditioned Stimulus (CS) Environment Room, Friends, Music, etc Conditioned Response (CR) Compensatory Response as Conditioning Occurs UnConditioned Stimulus (UCS) UnConditioned Response (UCR) Euphoria heroin
30 Conditioning and Drug Tolerance: III Conditioned Stimulus (CS) Environment Room, Friends, Music, etc Conditioned Response (CR) Compensatory Response Grows Larger UnConditioned Stimulus (UCS) UnConditioned Response (UCR) Euphoria is smaller heroin
31 Conditioning and Drug Tolerance: IV Conditioned Stimulus (CS) Environment Room, Friends, Music, etc Conditioned Response (CR) Compensatory Response Is Large UnConditioned Stimulus (UCS) UnConditioned Response (UCR) Euphoria returns! Heroin increased dose
32 Conditioning and Drug Tolerance: V New Enviormnent Not conditioned No Conditioned Response (CR) No Compensatory Response UnConditioned Stimulus (UCS) UnConditioned Response (UCR) OVERDOSE Heroin Big dose again
33 This slide intentionally left blank
34 Another Example
35 And it happens again!
36 And again!
37 F. Other comments on CC 1. Initially, CS elicits only an OR, or nothing 2. R is defined by what elicits it 3. There is nothing unique about the CS, except that it is paired with the UCS
38 G. Extension of the basic phenomenon of CC 1. Temporal sequencing of UCS & CS is important a. Best is "Delayed Conditioning", CS precedes UCS by ~.5 seconds CS UCS b. Less effective are Simultaneous and Trace conditioning; (1) Simultaneous: both onset and offset at same time CS UCS (2) Trace: CS on and off before UCS on CS UCS c. Reason for less effectiveness is that CS must predict UCS
39 G. Extension of the basic phenomenon of CC 2. Some basic phenomena of CC a. Extinction (1) if no longer pair CS and UCS, the CR will diminish and then disappear
40 It s not her
41 It s not her
42 It s not her
43 It s not her
44 It s not her
45 Extinction takes time Ex-girlfriends in black Jettas Everywhere I go, there it is When I take a stroll, there she is When I'm out the door, what I'm looking for Same looking car that I saw 12 seconds ago They're so popular you can't get away Girls drive 'em in Encino And they drive 'em in LA Some are different, some are older And their bodystyle is changed But my heart will still jump Because to me, they look the same Ex-girlfriends, black Jettas Ex-girlfriends, black Jettas Ex-girlfriends, black Jettas Ex-girlfriends, black Jettas
46 G. Extension of the basic phenomenon of CC 2. Some basic phenomena of CC a. Extinction (1) if no longer pair CS and UCS, the CR will diminish and then disappear (2) However, the CR can return: (a) Spontaneous recovery (b) Reconditioning: must repair b. Stimulus Generalization c. Discrimination: learn to differentiate two similar CS's: CS+ and CS-
47 Generalization
48 G. Extension of the basic phenomenon of CC 2. Some basic phenomena of CC a. Extinction (1) if no longer pair CS and UCS, the CR will diminish and then disappear (2) However, the CR can return: (a) Spontaneous recovery (b) Reconditioning: must repair b. Stimulus Generalization c. Discrimination: learn to differentiate two similar CS's: CS+ and CS-
49 Discrimination
50 CS+ CS-
51 STOP
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