Myers Psychology for AP, 2e David G. Myers PowerPoint Presentation Slides by Kent Korek Germantown High School Worth Publishers, 2014

Transcription

1 Myers Psychology for AP, 2e David G. Myers PowerPoint Presentation Slides by Kent Korek Germantown High School Worth Publishers, 2014 AP is a trademark registered and/or owned by the College Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product.

2 Unit 4: Sensation and Perception

3 Unit 04 - Overview Basic Principles of Sensation and Perception Influences on Perception Vision Visual Organization and Interpretation Hearing The Other Senses Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.

4 Module 16: Basic Principles of Sensation and Perception

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6 Introduction Sensation Perception Are one continuous process

7 Introduction Bottom-up processing Top-down processing

8 Selective Attention

9 Selective Attention Selective Attention Cocktail party effect

10 Selective Attention Selective Attention and Accidents

11 Selective Attention Selective Inattention Inattentional blindness

12 Selective Attention Selective Inattention Change blindness

13 Selective Attention Selective Inattention Change Blindness

14 Selective Attention Selective Inattention Change Blindness

15 Selective Attention Selective Inattention Change Blindness

16 Selective Attention Selective Inattention Change Blindness

17 Selective Attention Selective Inattention Change Blindness

18 Selective Attention Selective Inattention Change Blindness

19 Transduction

20 Transduction Transduction Psychophysics

21 Thresholds

22 Thresholds Absolute Thresholds Absolute threshold 50 % of the time Signal detection theory

23 Thresholds Absolute Thresholds Subliminal Cannot detect Below absolute threshold Priming Masking stimulus

24 Thresholds Difference Thresholds Difference threshold Just noticeable difference (jnd) Weber s Law Constant minimum percentage 50 ounce weights 2 ounce jnd 100 ounce weights 4 ounce jnd

25 Just noticeable difference

26 Just noticeable difference

27 Just noticeable difference

28 Just noticeable difference

29 Just noticeable difference

30 Just noticeable difference

31 Just noticeable difference

32 Just noticeable difference

33 Just noticeable difference

34 Just noticeable difference

35 Just noticeable difference

36 Just noticeable difference

37 Just noticeable difference

38 Sensory Adaptation

39 Sensory Adaptation Sensory Adaptation Informative changes Reality versus usefulness

40 Sensory Adaptation Emotion Adaptation

41 Sensory Adaptation Emotion Adaptation

42 Sensory Adaptation Emotion Adaptation

43 Sensory Adaptation Emotion Adaptation

44 Sensory Adaptation Emotion Adaptation

45 Module 17: Influences on Perception

46

47 Perceptual Set

48 Perceptual set Perceptual Set Mental predisposition Schemas

49 Perceptual set Perceptual Set Mental predisposition Schemas

50 Perceptual set Perceptual Set Mental predisposition Schemas

51 Perceptual set Perceptual Set Mental predisposition Schemas

52 Perceptual Set Perceptual set Mental predisposition Schemas From Leeper, R. W. (1935). A study of a neglected portion of the field of learning: The development of sensory organization. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 46, Reprinted by permission of Taylor & Francis Ltd,

53 Context Effects

54 Context Effects Context effects

55 Context Effects

56 Context Effects

57 Context Effects

58 Emotion and Motivation

59 Emotion and Motivation Motivation on perception Emotions on perception

60 Module 18: Vision

61

62 The Stimulus Input: Light Energy

63 The Stimulus Input: Light Energy Wavelength Hue (color) Wavelength Intensity Wave amplitude

64 Electromagnetic Energy Spectrum

65 Electromagnetic Energy Spectrum

66 Electromagnetic Energy Spectrum

67 The Physical Property of Waves

68 The Physical Property of Waves

69 The Physical Property of Waves

70 The Physical Property of Waves

71 The Physical Property of Waves

72 The Eye

73 The Eye Cornea Pupil Iris Lens Accommodation Retina

74 The Structure of the Eye

75 The Structure of the Eye Cornea = outer covering of the eye.

76 The Structure of the Eye Pupil = the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters.

77 The Structure of the Eye Iris = a ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening. The iris dilates/constricts in response to changing light intensity

78 The Structure of the Eye Lens = the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina.

79 The Structure of the Eye Retina = the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information.

80 The Eye The Retina Rods and Cones Cones Rods

81 The Eye The Retina

82 The Retina s Reaction to Light

83 The Retina s Reaction to Light

84 The Retina s Reaction to Light

85 The Retina s Reaction to Light

86 The Retina s Reaction to Light

87 Optic nerve Blind spot Fovea The Eye The Retina

88 The Structure of the Eye Blind Spot = the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a blind spot because no receptor cells are located there.

89 The Structure of the Eye Fovea = the central focal point in the retina, around which the eye s cones cluster.

90 The Structure of the Eye Optic Nerve = the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain.

91 Visual Information Processing

92 Visual Information Processing

93 Visual Information Processing

94 Visual Information Processing

95 Visual Information Processing

96 Visual Information Processing

97 Visual Information Processing Feature Detection Feature detectors

98 Visual Information Processing Parallel Processing Parallel processing Blind sight

99 Visual Information Processing Parallel Processing Parallel processing Blind sight

100 Visual Information Processing Parallel Processing Parallel processing Blind sight

101 Visual Information Processing Parallel Processing Parallel processing Blind sight

102 Visual Information Processing Parallel Processing Parallel processing Blind sight

103 Visual Information Processing

104 Visual Information Processing

105 Visual Information Processing

106 Visual Information Processing

107 Visual Information Processing

108 Visual Information Processing

109 Color Vision

110 Color Vision Young-Helmholtz trichromatic (three color) theory Red Green - Blue Monochromatic vision Dichromatic vision

111 Color Vision Opponent-process theory Three sets of colors Red-green Blue-yellow Black-white Afterimage

112 After image

113 This slide is intentionally left blank.

114 Module 19: Visual Organization and Interpretation

115

116 Visual Organization

117 Visual Organization Gestalt (form or whole)

118 Figure-ground Visual Organization Form Perception

119 Grouping Proximity Visual Organization Form Perception

120 Grouping Continuity Visual Organization Form Perception

121 Grouping Closure Visual Organization Form Perception

122 Visual Organization Depth Perception Depth perception Visual-cliff video

123 Visual Organization Depth Perception: Binocular Cues Binocular cues Retinal disparity convergence

124 Monocular cues Visual Organization Depth Perception: Monocular Cues Horizontal-vertical illusion

125 Visual Organization Depth Perception: Monocular Cues Monocular cues Relative height Relative size Interposition Linear perspective Relative motion Light and shadow

126 Visual Organization Depth Perception: Monocular Cues Relative Height

127 Visual Organization Depth Perception: Monocular Cues Relative Size

128 Visual Organization Depth Perception: Monocular Cues Interposition

129 Visual Organization Depth Perception: Monocular Cues Linear Perspective

130 Visual Organization Depth Perception: Monocular Cues Relative Motion

131 Visual Organization Depth Perception: Monocular Cues Light and Shadow

132 Visual Organization Motion Perception Changing size of objects Stroboscopic movement Animated movies 24 frames per second Phi phenomenon Lighted signs

133 Visual Organization Perceptual Constancy Perceptual Constancy

134 Visual Organization Perceptual Constancy: Color and Brightness Constancies Color constancy Surrounding context Surrounding objects

135 Visual Organization Perceptual Constancy: Color and Brightness Constancies

136 Visual Organization Perceptual Constancy: Color and Brightness Constancies Lightness constancy Brightness constancy Relative luminance

137 Visual Organization Perceptual Constancy: Color and Brightness Constancies

138 Visual Organization Perceptual Constancy: Color and Brightness Constancies

139 Visual Organization Perceptual Constancy: Shape and Size Constancies Shape constancy

140 Visual Organization Perceptual Constancy: Shape and Size Constancies Size constancy Moon illusion Ames Room

141 Visual Organization Perceptual Constancy: Shape and Size Constancies Ames Room

142 Visual Organization Perceptual Constancy: Shape and Size Constancies Ames Room

143 Visual Interpretation

144 Visual Interpretation Experience and Visual Perception: Restored Vision and Sensory Restored Vision Critical period Restriction Sensory deprivation (nutmeg!!!!)

145 Visual Interpretation Experience and Visual Perception: Perceptual Adaptation Perceptual adaptation Displacement goggles

146 Module 20: Hearing

147

148 The Stimulus Input: Sound Waves

149 The Stimulus Input: Sound Waves Audition Amplitude loudness Frequency Pitch

150 The Ear

151 The Ear Outer ear Auditory canal Ear drum

152 The Ear The ear is divided into the outer, middle and inner ear.

153 The Ear The sound waves travel down the auditory canal to the eardrum.

154 The Ear Eardrum = tight membrane that vibrates when struck by sound waves.

155 The Ear Eardrum

156 The Ear Middle ear Hammer, anvil, stirrup

157 The Ear Bones of the middle ear = the hammer, anvil, stirrup which vibrate with the eardrum.

158 The Ear Hammer

159 The Ear Anvil

160 The Ear Stirrup

161 The Ear Oval window = where the stirrup connects to the cochlea.

162 The Ear Cochlea = a coiled, body, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses.

163 The Ear Inner ear Oval window Cochlea Basilar membrane Auditory nerve Auditory cortex

164 The Ear Oval Window

165 The Ear Cochlea

166 The Ear Fluid in the cochlea

167 The Ear Hair cells in the cochlea

168 The Ear Auditory nerve = nerve which sends the auditory message to the brain via the thalamus.

169 The Ear Nerve fibers

170 The Ear Auditory nerve

171 The Ear Neural impulse travels to the auditory cortex in the brain.

172 Hearing loss The Ear Conduction hearing loss Sensorineural hearing loss Cochlea implant Signing

173 The Ear Perceiving Loudness Basilar membrane s hair cells Compressed sound

174 The Ear Perceiving Loudness

175 Place theory The Ear Perceiving Pitch High pitched sounds Frequency theory Low pitched sounds Volley principle

176 The Ear Locating Sounds Stereophonic hearing Localization of sounds Intensity Speed of the sound

177 Module 21: The Other Senses

178

179 Touch

180 Touch Types of touch Pressure Warmth Cold Pain Sensation of hot

181 Pain

182 Pain Understanding Pain: Biological Influences Biological Influences Noiceptors Gate-control theory Endorphins Phantom limb sensations Tinnitus

183 Pain Understanding Pain: Biological Influences

184 Pain Understanding Pain: Biological Influences

185 Pain Understanding Pain: Biological Influences

186 Pain Understanding Pain: Biological Influences

187 Pain Understanding Pain: Biological Influences

188 Pain Understanding Pain: Psychological Influences Psychological Influences Memories of pain

189 Pain Understanding Pain: Psychological Influences Biopsychosocial Approach

190 Pain Understanding Pain: Psychological Influences Biopsychosocial Approach

191 Pain Understanding Pain: Psychological Influences Biopsychosocial Approach

192 Pain Understanding Pain: Psychological Influences Biopsychosocial Approach

193 Pain Understanding Pain: Psychological Influences Biopsychosocial Approach

194 Pain Understanding Pain: Social-Cultural Influences Social-Cultural Influences

195 Pain Controlling Pain Physical methods Psychological methods

196 Taste

197 Taste Sweet, sour, salty and bitter Umami Taste buds Chemical sense Age and taste

198 Smell

199 Olfaction Chemical sense Odor molecules Olfactory bulb Olfactory nerve Smell

200 Smell (olfaction)

201 Body Position and Movement

202 Body Position and Movement Kinesthesis Vestibular sense Semicircular canals

203 Body Position and Movement

204 Sensory Interaction

205 Sensory Interaction Sensory interaction Interaction of smell and taste McGurk Effect Interaction of other senses Embodied cognition synesthesia

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216 The End

217 Types of Files Teacher Information This presentation has been saved as a basic Powerpoint file. While this file format placed a few limitations on the presentation, it insured the file would be compatible with the many versions of Powerpoint teachers use. To add functionality to the presentation, teachers may want to save the file for their specific version of Powerpoint. Animation Once again, to insure compatibility with all versions of Powerpoint, none of the slides are animated. To increase student interest, it is suggested teachers animate the slides wherever possible. Adding slides to this presentation Teachers are encouraged to adapt this presentation to their personal teaching style. To help keep a sense of continuity, blank slides which can be copied and pasted to a specific location in the presentation follow this Teacher Information section.

218 Teacher Information Unit Coding Just as Myers Psychology for AP 2e is color coded to the College Board AP Psychology Course Description (Acorn Book) Units, so are these Powerpoints. The primary background color of each slide indicates the specific textbook unit. Psychology s History and Approaches Research Methods Biological Bases of Behavior Sensation and Perception States of Consciousness Learning Cognition Motivation, Emotion, and Stress Developmental Psychology Personality Testing and Individual Differences Abnormal Psychology Treatment of Abnormal Behavior Social Psychology

219 Teacher Information Hyperlink Slides - This presentation contain two types of hyperlinks. Hyperlinks can be identified by the text being underlined and a different color (usually purple). Unit subsections hyperlinks: Immediately after the unit title and module title slide, a page can be found listing all of the unit s subsections. While in slide show mode, clicking on any of these hyperlinks will take the user directly to the beginning of that subsection. Bold print term hyperlinks: Every bold print term from the unit is included in this presentation as a hyperlink. While in slide show mode, clicking on any of the hyperlinks will take the user to a slide containing the formal definition of the term. Clicking on the arrow in the bottom left corner of the definition slide will take the user back to the original point in the presentation. These hyperlinks were included for teachers who want students to see or copy down the exact definition as stated in the text. Most teachers prefer the definitions not be included to prevent students from only copying down what is on the screen and not actively listening to the presentation. For teachers who continually use the Bold Print Term Hyperlinks option, please contact the author using the address on the next slide to learn a technique to expedite the returning to the original point in the presentation.

220 Teacher Information Continuity slides Throughout this presentation there are slides, usually of graphics or tables, that build on one another. These are included for three purposes. By presenting information in small chunks, students will find it easier to process and remember the concepts. By continually changing slides, students will stay interested in the presentation. To facilitate class discussion and critical thinking. Students should be encouraged to think about what might come next in the series of slides. Please feel free to contact me at with any questions, concerns, suggestions, etc. regarding these presentations. Kent Korek Germantown High School Germantown, WI

221 Division title (red print) subdivision title (blue print) xxx xxx xxx

222 Division title (red print in text) subdivision title (blue print in text) Use this slide to add a table, chart, clip art, picture, diagram, or video clip. Delete this box when finished

223 = add definition here Definition Slide

224 Definition Slides

225 Sensation = the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment.

226 Perception = the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events.

227 Bottom-Up Processing = analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain s integration of sensory information.

228 Top-Down Processing = information processing guided by higherlevel mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations.

229 Selective Attention = the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus.

230 Inattentional Blindness = failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere.

231 Change Blindness = failing to notice changes in the environment

232 Transduction = conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds, and smells into neural impulses our brains can interpret.

233 Psychophysics = the study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them.

234 Absolute Threshold = the minimum stimulation necessary to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time.

235 Signal Detection Theory = a theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise). Assumes there is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a person s experience, expectations, motivation, and alertness.

236 Subliminal = below one s absolute threshold for conscious awareness.

237 Priming = the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one s perception, memory, or response.

238 Difference Threshold = the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time. We experience the difference threshold as a just noticeable difference (jnd).

239 Weber s Law = the principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount).

240 Sensory Adaptation = diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation.

241 Perceptual Set = a mental disposition to perceive one thing and not another.

242 Extrasensory Perception (ESP) = the controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input; includes telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition.

243 Parapsychology = the study of paranormal phenomena, including ESP and psychokinesis.

244 Wavelength = the distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next. Electromagnetic wavelengths vary from the short blips of comic rays to the long pulses of radio transmission.

245 Hue = the dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light; what we know as the color names blue, green, and so forth.

246 Intensity = the amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which we perceive as brightness or loudness, as determined by the wave s amplitude.

247 Pupil = the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which lights enters.

248 Iris = a ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening.

249 Lens = the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus the images on the retina.

250 Retina = the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information.

251 Accommodation = the process by which the eye s lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina.

252 Rods = retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don t respond.

253 Cones = retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. The cones detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations.

254 Optic Nerve = the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain.

255 Blind Spot = the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a blind spot because no receptor cells are located there.

256 Fovea = the central focal point in the retina, around the which the eye s cones cluster.

257 Feature Detectors = nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement.

258 Parallel Processing = the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain s natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving.

259 Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic (three-color) Theory = the theory that the retina contains three different color receptors one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue which, when stimulated in combination can produce the perception of any color.

260 Opponent-Process Theory = the theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision. For example, some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red; others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green.

261 Gestalt = an organized whole. Gestalt psychologists emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes.

262 Figure-Ground = the organization of the visual field into objects (the figures) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground).

263 Grouping = the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups.

264 Depth Perception = the ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance.

265 Visual Cliff = a laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals.

266 Binocular Cues = depth cues, such as retinal disparity, that depend on the use of two eyes.

267 Retinal Disparity = a binocular cue for perceiving depth. By comparing images from the retinas in the two eyes, the brain computes distance the greater the disparity (difference) between the two images, the closer the object.

268 Monocular Cues = depth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective, available to either eye alone.

269 Phi Phenomenon = an illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession.

270 Perceptual Constancy = perceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent shapes, size, lightness, and color) even as illumination and retinal images change.

271 Color Constancy = perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object.

272 Perceptual Adaptation = in vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field.

273 Audition = the sense or act of hearing.

274 Frequency = the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time (i.e. per second).

275 Pitch = a tone s experienced highness or lowness; depends on frequency.

276 Middle Ear = the chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea s oval window.

277 Cochlea = a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear; sound waves traveling through the cochlea trigger nerve impulses.

278 Inner Ear = the innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs.

279 Sensorineural Hearing Loss = hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea s receptor cells or to the auditory nerves; also called nerve deafness.

280 Conduction Hearing Loss = hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea.

281 Cochlea Implant = a device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea.

282 Place Theory = in hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea s membrane is stimulated.

283 Frequency Theory = in hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch.

284 Gate-Control Theory = the theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological gate that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain. The gate is opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers and is close by activity in larger fibers or by information coming from the brain.

285 Kinethesia = the system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts.

286 Vestibular Sense = the sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance.

287 Sensory Interaction = the principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste.

288 Embodied Cognition = in psychological science, the influence of bodily sensations, gestures, and other states of cognitive preferences and judgments.