AP Psych Exam Topics/Concepts/Terms

Transcription

1 AP Psych Exam Tpics/Cncepts/Terms The fllwing list f terms, ideas, peple and vcabulary are items that are likely t shw up n the AP Psychlgy Exam in ne frm r anther. The mre f this infrmatin yu knw, the better ff yu will be when taking the test. I knw it is a tn f infrmatin, but it is all stuff yu guys have read and studied fr the past semester. The chapter title/tpic is in bld, with the percentage f the test it makes up in parenthesis. 1. Perspectives/Histry (2 4%) Histrical perspectives- structuralism, functinalism, Gestalt, behavirism, psychanalysis- knw wh the majr names are assciated with each (James, Watsn, Freud, Skinner ) Current perspectives- bilgical view, develpmental view, cgnitive view, psychdynamic view, humanistic view, behaviral view, scicultural view, Evlutinary view 2. Research Methds (6 8%) 5 steps f the scientific methd Types f research: Experiment Independent/dependent/cnfunding variables Cntrl/experiment grup Types f bias/surces f bias Crrelatinal Study/survey Observatin/naturalistic bservatin Ex pst fact Lngitudinal study Crss sectinal study Chrt sequential study Statistical analysis: mean, median, mde, crrelatin cefficient, histgram, statistically significant Ethical standards (deceptin and debriefing) Randm sample vs. randm assignment 3. Bipsychlgy (8 10%) Evlutin/natural selectin- Darwin s theries Genetics/inheritance Nature vs. Nurture Neurns- Parts, functins, types, neurtransmitters Divisins f the nervus system- CNS, PNS- smatic, autnmic- sympathetic, parasympathetic Three layers f the brain- brainstem, limbic system, cerebral crtex All majr parts and functins All the lbes f the cerebral crtex Cerebral dminance/split brain 4. Sensatin/Perceptin (7 9%) Transductin- changing stimuli t sensatin Sensry adaptatin Threshlds- abslute, Just Nticeable Difference Signal detectin Thery Specific senses- visin and hearing Perceptual prcessing- The binding prblem, bttm up prcessing, tp dwn prcessing Perceptual cnsistency Figure and grund Clsure

2 The Gestalt Laws- perceptual gruping, law f similarity, law f prximity, law f cmmn fate Bincular vs. mncular clues Perceptual sets 5. States f Cnsciusness (2 4%) Cnscius vs. nn- cnscius prcessing Levels f the nn- cnscius mind Sleep: Circadian rhythms, REM vs. N- REM, all the sleep stages, sleep paralysis Dreams- current theries vs. Freudian theries Manifest cntent vs. Latent cntent Hypnsis Psychactive drugs 6. Learning (7 9%) Learning vs. instinct Simple and cmplex learning Ivan Pavlv Classical cnditining Neutral stimulus Acquisitin UCS/CS/UCR/UCR Extinctin Discriminatin Spntaneus recvery Operant cnditining Law f effect Reinfrce- psitive and negative reinfrcement Punishment- psitive and negative reinfrcement B.F. Skinner Schedules f reinfrcement- cntinuus vs. intermittent, rati vs. interval Shaping Primary vs. secndary reinfrces Tken ecnmy Wlfgang Khler- study with chimps Cgnitive maps Latent learning Observatinal learning- Bb dll experiment 7. Cgnitin (8-10%) Memry: 3 basic prcesses/infrmatin prcessing mdel: encding, strage, retrieval Eidetic memry Sensry memry Wrking Memry Lng term memry Chunking, rehearsal Levels f prcessing thery Declarative memry Episdic memry Prcedural memry Semantic memry Engram Antergrade amnesia, retrgrade amnesia

3 Flashbulb memry Implicit vs. Explicit Memry Priming Recall vs. Recgnitin Md- memry cngruent Schacter s Seven Sins f Memry Transience Absent mindedness Blcking Practive interference/retractive interference/serial psitin effect Misattributin Suggestibility Bias Persistence Language structures f the brain- LAD Acquiring vcabulary 8. Emtin and Mtivatin (7 9%) Plutchik s Emtin Wheel Nuerscience f emtin- rle f limbic system (amygdale, hypcampus, reticular frmatin, cerebral crtex) James- Lang Thery vs. Cannn- Bard Thery Tw- Factr Thery Oppnent prcess thery The inverted U/Yerkes Ddsn Mdel Types f mtivatin- intrinsic vs. extrinsic mtivatin Theries f Mtivatin Instinct Thery Drive Thery Cgnitive Thery f Lci Freud s Thery f Psychanalysis Maslw s Hierarchy f Needs Stress vs. Stressr Traumatic stressrs/ptsd 5 stages f recvery Physical respnse t stress, Fight r Flight General Adaptatin Syndrme Type A/Type B Patterns 9. Psychlgical Develpment (7 9%) Fraternal/Identical twins Cntinuity view f develpment Discntinuity view f develpment Prenatal Develpment Prenatal perid, teratgens Nenatal perid Infancy Attachment Imprinting Cntact cmfrt Harry Harlw s study with mnkeys Maturatin Cgnitive Develpment/Piaget

4 Schemas, assimilatin/accmmdatin Piaget s stages f develpment Sensrimtr Preperatinal Egcentrism Animistic thinking Centratin Irreversibility Cncrete Operatinal Frmal Operatinal Thery f mind Zne f prximal develpment 4 distinct parenting styles Eriksn s Thery f Psychscial Develpment (8 stages) Khlberg s Stages f Mral Reasning (6 stages) Develpment challenges f adults (pg 396) 10. Persnality (6 8%) Freud s Psychdynamic Thery f Persnality (iceberg mdel) Id Eg Supereg Uncnscius Libid Oedipus cmplex Defense mechanisms Repressin Rrschach Inkblt Tests Carl Jung Persnal uncnscius/cllective uncnscius Humanistic Theries Abraham Maslw- Self- actualizing persnalities Carl Rgers- Fully functining persn Lcus f cntrl- Rtter s Thery The Big Five Traits/The Five- Factr Thery 11. Testing and Individual Differences (5 7%) Validity Reliability Face validity Cntent validity Item analysis Standardized test Split- half reliability Intelligent qutient (IQ) Objective tests Subjective tests Inter- rater reliability Sternberg s Triarchic Thery Gardner s Multiple Intelligences Linguistic intelligence, lgical- mathematical intelligence, spatial intelligence, musical intelligence, bdily kinesthetic intelligence, interpersnal intelligence, intrapersnal intelligence

5 12. Psychlgical Disrders (7 9%) Psychpathlgy Hallucinatins Delusins Affect Hippcrates Humr Thery A brief histry f hw psychlgical disrders were treated Indicatrs f Abnrmality Distress Maladaptiveness Irratinality Unpredictability Uncnventinality/ Undesirable behavir DSM- IV- TR Md Disrders (with examples and symptms) Cgnitive- Behaviral Cycle f Depressin Majr depressin, Biplar Disrder Anxiety Disrders (with examples and symptms) Generalized Anxiety Disrder, Panic Disrder, Phbic Disrders, Obsessive- Cmpulsive Disrder Smatfrm Disrders Cnversin disrder, Hypchndriasis Dissciative Disrders Dissciative Amnesia, Dissciative Fugue, Depersnalizatin Disrder, Dissciative Identity Disrder Eating Disrders Schizphrenia Majr Types f Schizphrenia: Disrganized, Catatnic, Paranid, Undifferentiated and Residual Causes f schizphrenia Persnality Disrders Narcissistic Persnality Disrder, Antiscial Persnality Disrder Develpmental Disrders Autism, Dyslexia 13. Therapies fr Psychlgical Disrders (5 7%) Insight Therapies Talk Therapies Psychanalysis: Analysis f transference Ne- Freudian Psychdynamic Therapies Humanistic Therapies: Client- Centered Therapy Cgnitive Therapies Grup Therapies Grup Therapies/Self- Help Supprt Grups Behavir Therapies Behavir mdificatin Classical Cnditining Therapies Systematic Desensitizatin Aversin Therapy Expsure Therapy Operant Cnditining Therapies- Tken Ecnmies Cgnitive Behaviral Therapy Ratinal- Emtinal Behavir Therapy Drug Therapies Antipsychtic drugs Antidepressants

6 Md stabilizers Antianxiety Stimulants Brain Stimulatin Therapies 14. Scial Psychlgy(7 9%) Scial cntext Scial reality Scial rles Scial nrms Cnfrmity Asch Effect Grup think- factrs that prmte grup think Milgram s Obedience Experiment Why we bey authrity The bystander prblem Kitty Genvese Diffusin f respnsibility Reward thery f attractin Prximity Similarity Self- disclsure Physical attractiveness Matching hypthesis Expectancy- value thery Cgnitive dissnance Fundamental attritin errr (FAE) Self- serving bias 5 causes f prejudice Dissimilarity and scial distance Ecnmic cmpetitin Scapegating Cnfrmity t scial nrm Media steretypes Scial facilitatin Scial lafing Deindividualizatin Grup plarizatin Grupthink