Psychology: The Evolution of a Science

Transcription

1 Psychlgy s rts: The Path t a Science f the Mind Psychlgy s Ancestrs: The Great philsphers (Nativism vs. Philsphical empiricism) Frm the Brain t the Mind: The French Cnnectin Frm Physilgy t Psychlgy: A New Science is Brn Helmhltz Measures the Speed f Respnses Wundt and the develpment f Structural-ism (cnsciusness, structuralism, intrspectin) Titchner Brings Structuralism t the United States James and the Functinal Apprach (functinalism, natural selectin) Imprving Study Skills Errrs and Illusins Reveal Psychlgy Illusins f Mvement and the Birth f Gestalt Psychlgy Mental Disrders and Multiple Selves (DID) Freud and Psychanalytic Thery Influence f Psychanalysis and Humanistic Respnse Psychlgy: The Evlutin f a Science Psychlgy in the 20 th Century: Behavirism Takes Center Stage Watsn and the Emergence f Behavirism (stimulus and respnses) B.F. Skinner and the Develpment f Behavirism (Reinfrcements) Beynd Behavirism: Psychlgy Expands The Emergence f Cgnitive Psychlgy Early Cgnitive Psychlgists (Piaget and Lewin) Technlgy and the Develpment f Cgnitive Psychlgy The Brain meets the Mind: The Rise f Cgnitive Neurscience (Behaviral neurscience) The Adaptive Mind: The Emergence f Evlutinary Psychlgy New Cnnectins Beynd Individual: Scial and Cultural Perspectives The Develpment f Scial Psychlgy The Emergence f Cultural Psychlgy (abslutism vs. relativism) The Prfessin f Psychlgy: Past and Present Psychlgists Band Tgether: The American Psychlgical Assciatin The grwing rle f wmen an minrities What Psychlgists d: Research Careers The variety f career paths The perils f prcrastinatin Black = n final and chapter exams, medium grey = n chapter exams, nt n final, light grey = nt n final r chapter exams

2 Empiricism: Hw t Knw Things Empiricism (Peple are difficult t study because f cmplexity, variability and reactivity) The Methds f Psychlgy The Science f Observatin: The Science f Explanatin: Saying What Saying Why Measurement Validity Definitin and detectin (Operatinal Definitin) Prblems f defining (cnstruct validity and predictive validity) Prblems f detectin (reliability and pwer) Samples (Case methd (case study)) Bias Law f large numbers (sample and ppulatins) Taking a chance Averaging (frequency distributins, nrmal distributins, mde, mean, median, range) Aviding Demand Characteristics (naturalistic bservatins) The blind bserver (Duble-blind studies) Crrelatin Patterns f variatin Measuring crrelatin (Crrelatin cefficient, psitive and negative crrelatins) Causatin The third variable prblem (Natural crrelatins, Third variable crrelatins, Matched samples, Matched pairs) Experimentatin Manipulatin (Independent variable (IV), Experimental grup, Cntrl grup, Dependent variable (DV)) Randmizatin (Selfselectin, Randmizatin) Significance (Statistical significance) Drawing cnclusins (Internal validity) Representative variables (External validity, Thery, Hypthesis) Representative samples (Randm sampling) The Ethics f Science: Saying Please and Thank Yu Infrmed cnsent (Freedm frm cercin, Prtectin frm harm, Risk-benefit analysis, Debriefing, Experimenting with animals) Black = n final and chapter exams, medium grey = n chapter exams, nt n final, light grey = nt n final r chapter exams

3 Neurns: The Origin f Behavir Cmpnents f neurns (Dendrites, cell bdy, nucleus, axn, myelin sheath, terminal branches, glial cells, synapse) Majr types f neurns (Sensry neurns, mtr neurns, interneurns, mirrr neurns) Electric Signaling: Cmmunicating Infrmatin within a Neurn Resting ptential: The rigins f the Neurn s electrical impulse The actin ptential ver lng distances Black = n final and chapter exams, medium grey = n chapter exams, nt n final, light grey = nt n final r chapter exams Neurscience and Behavir Chemical Signaling: Synaptic Transmissin Between Neurns Types f neurtransmitters (Ach, dpamine, glutamate, GABA, nrepinephrine, sertnin, endrphins) Hw drugs mimic neurtransmitters (Agnist and antagnists) The Organizatin f the Nervus System Divisins f the nervus system (CNS, PNS, PNS = smatic NS, autnmic NS, Autnmic NS = sympathetic and parasympathetic, CNS = brain and spinal crd Cmpnents f the Central Nervus System (spinal reflexes) Thught Cntrl Explring the Brain Hindbrain (Medulla, reticular frmatn, cerebellum, pns) Midbrain (Tectum and tegmentum) Frebrain (Cerebral crtex and subcrtical structures, Thalamus, hypthalamus, pituitary gland, limbic system, hippcampus, amygdala, basil ganglia The Cerebral Crtex (Crpus callsum, The Develpment and Evlutin f Nervus Systems Prenatal Develpment f the Central Nervus System Evlutinary develpment f the Central Nervus System Genes and the Envirnment (Genes, chrmsmes, Heritability) Investigating the Brain Learning abut Brain rganizatin by studying the damaged brain (Brca s Area Wernicke s area) The Emtinal functins f the frntal lbes (Phineas Gage) The Distinct rles f the left and right hemisphere (Split-Brain experiment) Listing t the Brain: Single neurns and the EEG (Hubel and Wiesel) Brain Imaging: Watching the Brain in actin (CAT scans, MRI, PET scans, FMRI scans) Brain Death

4 (lbes) ccipital parietal, tempral, frntal, smatasensr y and primary mtr crtex, assciatin areas Brain plasticity Black = n final and chapter exams, medium grey = n chapter exams, nt n final, light grey = nt n final r chapter exams

5 The Drway t Psychlgy Synesthesia Sensatin, perceptin, transductin Psychphysics Measuring Threshlds Abslute threshld Difference threshld Signal detectin Sensry adaptatin Multitasking Visin: Mre than Meets the Eye Visual Acuity Sensing Light (Wavelength, amplitude, hue) The Human Eye (retina, accmmdatin) Phttransductin in the retina (cnes, rds, fvea, dark adaptatin, biplar cells, retinal ganglin cells) Receptive fields and lateral inhibitin Perceiving clr Seeing clr Trichrmatic clr representati n in the cnes Clrppnent representati n int the brain Sensatin and Perceptin Visin: Mre than Meets the Eye The Visual Brain Neural systems fr perceiving shape Pathways fr what, where and hw Recgnizing bjects by sight Representing bjects and faces in the brain Principles f perceptual rganizatin Separating figure frm grund Theries f bject recgnitin Perceiving Depth and Size Mncular depth cues Bincular depth cues Mtin based depth cues Illusins f depth and size Perceiving mtin Auditin: Mre Than Meets the Ear Sensing sund (Pitch, ludness and timbre) The Human ear (Outer ear, middle ear, inner ear, cchlea, basil membrane) Perceiving pitch (Place cde, Tempral cde) Cchlear Implants Lcalizing Sund Surces The Bdy Senses: Mre than Skin Deep Haptic perceptin Tuch Pain Referred pain Gate-cntrl thery Bdy psitin, mvement and balance (Vestibular system) The Chemical Senses: Adding Flavr Smell (Olfactry receptr neurns (ORNs), Olfactry bulb, Phermnes) Taste (Taste buds) Supertasters Perceptin and Persuasin Black = n final and chapter exams, medium grey = n chapter exams, nt n final, light grey = nt n final r chapter exams

6 Cnsciusness and Uncnscius: The Mind s Eye, Open and Clsed Cartesian Theater The Mysteries f Cnsciusness (Phenmenlgy) The Prblems f Other Minds The Mind/bdy prblem The Nature f Cnsciusness Fur basic prperties (intentinality, unity, selectivity, transience, Dichtic listening, ccktail party phenmenn) Levels f cnsciusness (minimal, full, selfcnsciusness) Cnscius cntents (Thught suppressin, rebund effect f thught suppressin) The Uncnscius Mind Freudian uncnscius (dynamic uncnscius, repressin) Cgnitive uncnscius (subliminal perceptin) Hw Smart is the Uncnscius Mind? Sleep and Dreaming: Gd Night, Mind Altered State f cnsciusness Sleep (Hypnaggic state, hypnic jerk) Sleep cycle (Circadian rhythms, REM sleep, NREM sleep) Sleep needs and deprivatin Sleep disrders (Insmnia, sleep apnea, smnambulism, narclepsy, sleep paralysis, night terrrs) Dreams Dream uncnscius (emtinal, illgical, sensatins are frmed, uncritical acceptance, and difficulty remembering) Dream Theries (Freud: Manifest cntent, latent cntent activatinsynthesis mdel Dreaming and the Brain Cnsciusness Drugs and Cnsciusness: Artificial Inspiratin Psychactive drugs Drug Use and Abuse (Drug tlerance, Physical addictin, psychlgical dependence) Types f psychactive drugs Depressants alchl, (expectancy thery, alchl mypia) barbiturates, benzdiazepines and txic inhalants) Stimulants Narctics Hallucingens Marijuana Drugs and the Regulatin f cnsciusness Hypnsis: Open t Suggestin Inductin and susceptibility Hypntic effects (Hypntic analgesia) Meditatin and Religius Experiences: Higher Cnsciusness Meditatin Ecstatic religius experiences Between NORML and MADD: What is acceptable drug use? Black = n final and chapter exams, medium grey = n chapter exams, nt n final, light grey = nt n final r chapter exams

7 Prenatality: A Wmb with a View Develpmental Psychlgy Prenatal Develpment (Germinal Stage, embrynic stage, fetal stage) Prenatal Envirnment (Teratgens, FAS) Develpment Infancy and Childhd: Adlescence: Minding the Gap Becming a Persn Perceptual and Mtr Develpment (Mtr develpment, reflexes, cephalcaudal rule, prximdistal rule) Cgnitive Develpment Discvering ur wrld, (sensrimtr, schemas, assimilatin, accmmdatin, bject permanence) Discvering ur minds (preperatins, cncrete peratins, cnservatin, frmal peratins) Discvering Other Minds (egcentrism, thery f mind, autism) Discvering Other Cultures (Vygtsky, zne f prximal develpment) Scial Develpment Becming Attached (attachment, strange situatin, types f attachment) Wrking Mdels (internal wrking mdel f attachment, temperaments) An Accuntant in the Crib Mral Develpment Knwing What is right (Khlberg, 3 levels, 6 stages) Feeling what s right (mral intuitin and trlley prblem) The Truth abut Day Care Adlescence, primary sex characteristic, secndary sex characteristic The Prtractin f Adlescence Sexuality Sexual awakening Sexual rientatin Parent and Peers Adulthd: The Shrt Happy Future Changing Abilities Changing Orientatins Changing Rles Licensing Parents Black = n final and chapter exams, medium grey = n chapter exams, nt n final, light grey = nt n final r chapter exams