LSE-13 Plant Diversity-II

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Catherine Tiffany Taylor
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1 ASSIGNMENT REFERENCE MATERIAL ( ) LSE-13 Plant Diversity-II Question 1:- Match the following in column A with those of column B (1) pearl sago (a) crocus Sativa's (2) keasr\zafran (b) largest flower (3)Amorphophallus titanium. (C) cycles (4) Ocimumcanum (D) Dischidiarafflesiana (5) flower pot leaves. (E) verticillaster Inflorescence Answer:- 1- c 2- a 3- b 4- e 5- d Question 2:- Question 2 Give the botanical names of the following? Answer:- (1) sunflower Helianthus (2) wheat - Tritium (3) cardamom- Elettaria cardamomum (4) Jute- Corchorus (5) Lemon grass Cynbopogon Question 3:- Breifly explain the following terms with proper diagram and write the name of the family where the structure is found: (1) Gynoestegium Answer:- 1- Gynoestegium:- The gynostegium is a typical feature of members of the Milkweed family (Asclepiadaceae). It is a complex structure formed by the fusion of the stamens, styles, and stigmatic surfaces. The gynostegium is commonly provided with colourful and variously shaped appendages (see: Annulus, Corona) and along with the calyx and corolla contribute the give the flower some inimitable and distinctive shape that serve to lead insects to nectar cavity so that pollination is most likely to happen.

(2) Gynobasic style Ans:- Gynobasic style:- Group I: Style gynobasic. Subfamily 1.

seed endospermic e.g. Prostantherea, Wixonia, etc. Group II: Style gynobasic.

... (iii) Hesperidium Ans:- A hesperidium (plural hesperidia) is a modified berry with

The fleshy interior is composed of separate sections, called carpels, filled with

2 (2) Gynobasic style Ans:- Gynobasic style:- Group I: Style gynobasic. Subfamily 1. Ajugoideae, Seed non-endosporic, e.g., Ajuga. Subfamily 2. Prostentheroideae. seed endospermic e.g. Prostantherea, Wixonia, etc. Group II: Style gynobasic. Subfamily 3. Prasiodideae.... (iii) Hesperidium Ans:- A hesperidium (plural hesperidia) is a modified berry with a tough, leathery rind. The peel contains volatile oil glands in pits. The fleshy interior is composed of separate sections, called carpels, filled with fluid-filled vesicles that are specialized hair cells. The outer ovary wall becomes the thick spongy layer of the rind, while the inner ovary wall becomes very juicy with several seeds. Oranges..

centrifugally. Each male flower is reduced to a solitary stalked stamen.

it is articulated to a stalk and that it possesses a scaly bract at the base.

. Question 4 depict the following through clear and labeled diagram (1)

em Structures (2) C.S. of the arial root of an epiphytic orchid showing the

multiple epidermis of the roots, which at maturity consists of dead cells,

3 (4) Cyathium Inflorescence Ans:-. This female flower remains surrounded by a number of male flowers arranged centrifugally. Each male flower is reduced to a solitary stalked stamen. It is evident that each stamen is a single male flower from the facts that it is articulated to a stalk and that it possesses a scaly bract at the base. The examples can be seen in poinsettia (Euphorbia), Pedilanthus, etc.. Question 4 depict the following through clear and labeled diagram (1) Floral diagram of salvia spp. Answer:- 1- Stem Structures (2) C.S. of the arial root of an epiphytic orchid showing the presence of velamen ( dia) Ans:- The velamen radicum, a spongy, usually multiple epidermis of the roots, which at maturity consists of dead cells, is frequently described as an important adaptation of epiphytic orchids. Yet, quantitative evidence for the alleged functions, e.g., efficient water and nutrient uptake, nutrient

retention, reduction of water loss, mechanical protection, or the avoidance of overheating, is rare or missing. (3) T.S.

Each stoma opens internally into a substomatal cavity and externally into a respiratory cavity or vestibule. 5.

In between the hypodermis and endodermis is present the mesophyll tissue.

cyanobacteria (formerly known as the blue-green algae).

4 retention, reduction of water loss, mechanical protection, or the avoidance of overheating, is rare or missing. (3) T.S. of needle of pinus Ans:-. stomata are present on the epidermis (Fig. 38). 4. Each stoma opens internally into a substomatal cavity and externally into a respiratory cavity or vestibule. 5. Below the epidermis are present a few layers of thick-walled sclerenchymatous hypodermis. It is well-developed at ridges. 6. In between the hypodermis and endodermis is present the mesophyll tissue. (4) Coralloid root of Cycas ( dia) Ans:- All known Cycads form mutualistic, facultative symbioses with nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria (formerly known as the blue-green algae). Cycads provide fixed carbon and a stable environment to the cyanobacteria in exchange for fixed nitrogen. These cyanobacteria are endosymbionts, living within the roots of Cycads. Symbiosis is "the living together of differently named organisms". There are many different types of symbioses. Some symbiotic associations afford mutual benefits to both partners.

5 Q5. Differentiate between : (i) simple and complex tissue Ans:- (ii) Semi drying and semi drying oils Ans:- Semi-drying oils contain 20%-50% of polyunsaturated acids. They include: sweet almond oil, apricot seed oil. These natural oils are suitable for normal and combination skin but may clog the pores in oily skin. Non-drying oils contain less than 20% of polyunsaturated fatty acids. These are: avocado oil, peach seed oil olive oil, macadamia oil. Non-drying oils are recommended for dry and mature skin which has lost firmness but is free from blackheads. Q6. List any five medicinally important plants and give their botanical names and plant parts that are used as medicine.

6 Ans:-.. Question 7:- a-) Describe the processing of black and differentiate between green and oolong tea. Answer:- can be greener or darker depending on their specific degree of oxidation. processing of black tea:- Black tea is fully fermented, which blackens the leaves and causes the formation of caffeine and tannins. It generally possesses the most robust flavor and highest level of caffeine, but the least antioxidants.. Withering Green Leaf Sifting Leaf Conditioning Leaf Maceration Orthodox tea processing: Rolling process is essential for the production of orthodox tea. Sifting CTC tea processing Drying Differentiate between green and oolong tea:- Oolong translates to black dragon. It s made by allowing tea leaves to wither and oxidize under strong sunlight. The degree of oxidation can range from 8-85% after which the tea is twisted into long, curly leaves or small beads with a tail. Green tea is made by pan-firing or steaming tea leaves to quicken the heating process and then drying them. This prevents the leaves from oxidising too much and preserves the fresh flavour of. b) How the decaffeinate coffee is prepared? Answer:- we look at any specific decaffeination process let s see what they share in common as a group.

7 1. Coffee is always decaffeinated in its green (unroasted) state. 2. The greatest challenge is to try to separate only the caffeine from the coffee beans while leaving the other chemicals at their original concentrations. This is not easy since coffee contains somewhere around 1,000 chemicals that are important to the taste and aroma of this wonderfully complex elixir. 3. Since caffeine is a water-soluble substance, water is used in all forms of decaffeination. 4. However, water by itself is not the best solution for decaffeination. Water is not a selective solvent and therefore removes other soluble substances, like sugars and proteins, as well as caffeine. Therefore, all. 5. Question 8 Describe the families of liliaceae and poaceae with the reference to the following features: Leaf, inflorescence, flower, androecium, gynoceium Answer:- Characters of Liliaceae:- Herbs rarely shrubs, stem underground rhizome, corm or bulb; leaves alternate, flowers actinomorphic, trimerous, hypogynous, perianth 6 in two whorls of 3 each, free or fused; stamen 3+3, epiphyllous, antiphyllous; gynoecium tricarpellary, syncarpous, ovary superior, axile placentation, two to many ovules per loculus; fruit capsule or berry; seed endospermic. Leaves:-. Inflorescence:- Variable-solitary (Tulipa, Fritillaria), panicled raceme (Asphodelus), cymose umbel (Allium, Smilax), solitary axillary (Gloriosa). Flower:- Pedicellate, actinomorphic or zygomorphic (Lilium, Hemerocallis), hermaphrodite or unisexual in Smilax, Ruscus; hypogynous, complete or incomplete (in unisexual flowers), trimerous rarely 2 or 4-merous (Maianthemum, Paris). Androecium:-.. Gynoecium: -Tricarpellary, syncarpous, ovary superior or half inferior, trilocular or unilocular with two ovules, axile placentation, style simple; stigma trilobed or 3-parted. Characters of Poaceae:- Mostly herbs, stem jointed, fistular, cylindrical; leaves simple, alternate, sheathing, sheath open, ligulate; inflorescence compound spike; flowers zygomorphic, hypogynous, protected by palea; perianth represented by 2 or 3 minute scales (lodicules); stamens 3, versatile; carpel one, style 2 or 3, stigmas feathery, basal placentation; fruit caryopsis; testa fused with pericarp. Leaves:- Alternate, simple, distichous, exstipulate, sessile, ligulate (absent in Echinochloa), leaf base forming tubular sheath, sheath open, surrounding internode incompletely, ligule is present at the junction of the lamina and sheath, entire, hairy or rough, linear, parallel venation. Inflorescence:- the main axis called rachilla. A compound inflorescence may be spike of spikelets (Triticum), panicle of spikelets (Avena). The spikelet consists of a short axis called rachilla on which 1 to many sessile or short stalked flowers are borne. The florets may be arranged in alternate or opposite manner on the central axis. At the base of rachilla two sterile scales, called glumes, are present. The glumes are placed one above the other on opposite sides. The lower one is called first glume and the upper is called second glume. Both the glumes are boat shaped and sterile. Above the glumes a series of florets are present. Each floret has an inferior palea or lemma and above it a superior palea. The lemma frequently bears a long, stiff hair called awn. Flower:- Bracteate and bracteolate, sessile, incomplete, hermaphrodite, or unisexual (Zea mays), irregular, zygomorphic, hypogynous, cyclic.

8 Androecium:-Usually stamens 3, rarely 6 (Bambusa, Oryza) and one in various species of Anrostis, Lepturus; polyandrous, filaments long, anthers dithecous, versatile, linear, extrorse; pollen grains dry. Gynoecium:-Monocarpellary, according to some authors carpels 3, of which 2 are abortive, ovary superior, unilocular with single ovule, basal placentation, style short or absent; stigmas two feathery or papillate and branched. Question 9 Describe the Cucurbitacee and Asclepiadaceae with the reference to the following features: Leaf, inflorescence, flower, androecium, gynoecium and floral formula Answer:- Characters of Asclepiadaceae:- Plants herbs, shrubs, mostly twiners and rarely trees; leaves opposite, simple, entire margin rarely alternate; inflorescence cymose or racemose; flowers hermaphrodite, pentamerous; calyx of 5 sepals, imbricate; petals 5, gamopetalous, corona arising as outgrowth of petals or stamens; stamens 5, fused with stigmatic disc forming gynostegium; pollens forming pollinia; carpels bicarpellary, syncarpous, ovaries and style free, only stigma fused to form disc, marginal placentation, fruit follicles. Leaves:-Simple, petiolate, exstipulate, entire, opposite rarely whorled, waxy; in Dischidiarafflesiana leaves are modified into pitchers, reduced or absent (Periploca), succulent in Hoya. Inflorescence:-Mostly umbellate cymes (Calotropis) or dichasial cyme ending in monochasial cyme. Flower:-.. Androecium:-Stamens 5, synandrous, gynostegium (stamens fused with stigmatic disc to form gynostegium), anthers dithecous, epipetalous, coherent; the pollen grains of each half anther usually agglutinated into granular mass of tetrads or waxy pollen called pollinium (Asclepias, Calotropis). Thus each stamen has two pollinia. The pollinia of two adjacent anther halves are connected together at the black, dot-like gland called corpusculum by appendages called retinacula. The two pollinia (of adjacent anther halves), two retinacula and a corpusculum together form a single translator. So in all there are 5 translators. Gynoecium:-Bicarpellary, syncarpous, ovaries free, superior, enclosed in staminal tube, ovules many on marginal placentation, each carpel is unilocular; style 2, free, distinct; stigmas united to form a pentangular disc with which anthers are fused to form gynostegium. Characters of Cucurbitaceae:-Prostrate herb bearing tendrils; leaves palmately lobed, surface hispid; flowers pentamerous, unisexual, monoecious or less commonly dioecious; stamens five, usually less, anthers free or connate, ovary inferior, trilocular, parietal placentation, fruit fleshy, pepo. Vascular bundles bicollateral and in two alternating rows. Leaves:-. Inflorescence:- There is great variation in the inflorescence. Flowers are solitary, or racemose or cymose panicles (Actinostemma). Flower:-.

9 Male flower:- Produced in large numbers. Androecium:-Stamens 5, sometimes free or combined to form a central column, anthers dithecousextrorse, dehiscence longitudinal or in curves; androecium may be modified in one of the following ways: 1. In Thaldiantha two pairs of stamens are closely approximated in the lower part of their filaments and the fifth stands apart. 2. In Sincydium the pairs of stamens are united below; in Momordica, Citrullus, the union of pairs of stamens is complete and apparently only three stamens are present. 3. In Sicyos Genoecium:- Reduced or rudimentary or absent. Female flower:-they are fewer in number than the male flowers. Question 11 write a note on the following (1) feeding mode of parasitic plants Answer:- 1- Parasitic nutrition is a mode of heterotrophic nutrition where a parasitic organism lives on the body surface or inside the body of another type of organism (a host) and gets nutrition directly from the body of the host. Since these parasites derive nourishment from their host, this symbiotic interaction is often described as harmful to the host. Parasites depend on their host for survival, since the host provides nutrition and protection. As a result of this dependence, parasites have considerable modifications to optimise parasitic nutrition and therefore their survival. Parasites are divided into two groups: endoparasites and ectoparasites. Endoparasites are parasites that live inside the body of the host, whereas ectoparasites are parasites that live on the outer surface of the host and generally attach themselves during feeding.[1] Due to the different strategies of endoparasites and ectoparasites, they require different adaptations to derive nutrients from their host. (2) important of gymnosperms Answer- Gymnosperms are the small group of plants, which constitutes a sub division of spermatophyta or phanerogams. There are about 73 genera and 7000 species in subdivision gymnospermae. 1. As food Seeds of some species are edible: Cycas, Ginko, Pinus, Gnetum Stem of Cycasrevoluta is a good source of Sago starch Zamia is a rich source of starch. Seeds and stem of Cycasrevoluta used for making wine. 2. As medicine Leaves of Cycascircinalis, Taxus are used as medicines. Pollen grains of some Cycas have narcotic effect Oil of Juniperus is important. Ephedrine derived from Ephedra used in treatment of cold, cough. Anti-cancerous drug called taxol, is obtained from the bark of Taxus 3. As ornaments

10 Species of Cycas are used for decoration purposes Ginkgo (3) phylogeny of the carpel Answer- from that of A. thaliana at different levels of the phylogenetic tree of the seed plants. Some aspects of the control of female reproductive development are conserved between the flowering plants and their sister group, the gymnosperms, indicating the presence of these in the common ancestor of the extant seeds plants, some 300 million years ago. Gene duplications that took place in the pre-angiosperm lineage, before the evolution of the first flowering plants, provided novel gene clades of potential importance for the origin of the carpel. Subsequent to the appearance of the first flowering plants, further gene duplications have led to sub-functionalization events, in which pre-existing reproductive functions were shared between paralogous gene clades. In some cases, fluidity in gene function is evident, leading to similar functions in carpel development being controlled by non-orthologous genes in different taxa. In other cases, gene duplication events have created sequences that evolved novel functions by the process of neo-functionalization, thereby generating biodiversity in carpel and fruit structures. Question 12 Discuss how adaptation and modification in stem, root and leaf have made angiosperms the dominant species in whole of the plant kingdom. Answer: Angiosperm is the most successful plant in the exploitation of many terrestrial habitats. Based on the many adaptation strategies, discus how they adapt to various environments. Angiosperm abundant in various types of environments. The angiosperm can leaves in water, terrestri al, tundra and in most environment. These entire environments have their distinctfeatures. For exampl es, mangrove area contains very salty water. In this condition, if the plantdoes not have any adaptation will died. This is because the salty water act as the hypertonicsolution to the sap cell of the plant. The refore, the plant must have special adaptation in order tosurvive in that habitat. The unique characteristic of angiosperms in reproduction way is one of its adaptation tovarious terrest rial habitat. The reproductive organ of angiosperms are flowers. Angiospermsreproduce by double fert ilization. Double fertilization will lead to the formation of the endosperm that is the nutritive tissue wi thin the seeds that feeds the developing embryofurthermore the angiosperms' ovary are protected by p etal of the flower. This will give moreadvantage for embryo of angiosperms to survive. Besides,the fl ower consist of both.

LABORATORY 2: Flowers

LABORATORY 2: Flowers INTRODUCTION The goal of this laboratory exercise is to familiarize you with flowers, their structure, variation, and importance to the plant. By the end of today s laboratory exercise