Glutathione S-transferase, alterations 146 Goiter multinodular 210

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1 Subject Index A Ablation (see also radioiodine ablation) - follow-up intervals after successful 174 Aclarubicin 140 Adenomatous polyposis, familial 58, 59 Adenovirus, p53-expressing 147 Adrenalectomy 292 Age 229 Age-standardized rates (of incidence I mortality) 4 AJCC (American Joint Committee on Cancer) 5, 11 American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) 5, 11 Amifostine 113 Amyloid 240 Anaplastic thyroid cancer 6, 8-10, 13, 14, 18,20 Angiogenesis 145 Antiproliferative effects 160 Apoptosis 145, control 147 Artifacts of imaging 169 Ataxia-teleangiectasia 58 Atrophy, salivary gland 220 Autopsy studies 4, 6, 8, 11 B Belarus, relative incidence - adults children 227 Biochemical screening 245, 246 Biopsy smear 46 Bladder cancer 116 Bleomycin Bone - marrow ll5 - postmenopausal women scanning 256 ( C cells 239 CA Calcitonin (CT) 239,251, 276, 287 Cancer registry 3, 4, 6, 15, 16, 20 Cancer risk - children and adolescence external irradiation radioiodine 225 Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) 241,244, 251,279,287 Carcinoma - anaplastic 31 - follicular 31 - medullary 31 - papillary 31 Cardiac pacemakers 199 C-cell carcinoma of the thyroid - in children and teenagers 14 - frequencyof8, 9,14 - prognosis of 9, 10, 14 C-cell hyperplasia 240, diffuse 245 CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen) 241, 244, 251,279,287 Cell adhesion molecules 156 Cell cycle regulation 43 - clonality 44 - telomerase 45 Cervicocentral compartment 278 Cervicolateral compartment 278 Chemotherapy 111, 176,282 - protocols 148 Chernobyl accident 226 Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident 17 Childhood and adolescence 8, 9, 14, 17 Childhood thyroid cancer, multicenter studies 231 Cholecystokinin-B/gastrin receptor scintigraphy 266

2 296 Subject Index 13-cis retinoic acid 157 Cisplatin 140, 141, 142 C-met 59 Coils 194 Color-Doppler 71-3D-display 73 Combination chemotherapy 144 Completion thyroidectomy 87 Computed tomography 256 Conception 115 Cowden's syndrome 58 Crude rates (of incidence I mortality) 4 CT 77 - concentration 241 -measurement 240,241,243 - tumor marker 240 Cyclophosphamide 143, 144 Cytotoxic drugs resistance treatment 139 D Dedifferentiation iodide accumulation 154 Deiodinase 155 Diagnostic protocol 230 Diet, low-iodine 109 Differentiated thyroid cancer 132, 148 Differentiated thyroid carcinoma 82, 83, 121, radiosensitivity 122 Disease, recurrent 87 DNA topoisomerase 146 Dose response 231 Doxorubicin monotherapy 148 E E-cadherin 156 Echo time 195 Edema - cerebral painless neck 112 Electromagnetic impulse 194 Epidemiological data 84, 227 Epidemiological studies - external irradiation Epidemiology - basic methodological problems of 3 - changesin Ethnic groups 56 EUROCARE database 9, 19 Evaluation - postoperative presurgical 185 External radiotherapy adjuvant radiotherapy in anaplastic carcinoma in differentiated thyroid carcinoma Freiburger consensus indications for metastases prospective trial radiosensitivity of DTC retrospective studies 124 ff. - side effects treatment protocols 124 Extrathyroid tumor extension 85 F Familial MTC (FMTC) 239, 241, 276 Fat suppression 196 FDG 184 Fertility 114 Fine needle aspiration biopsy 74 - DNA cytometry 37 - Ki ultrasound guidance 75 Flowvoid 195 Fluorodeoxyglucose F-fluorodeoxyglucose C 8 F-FDG) 170, fluorouracil 143,144 FMTC (familial MTC) 239, 241, 276 Foci of uptake 169 Follicular carcinoma 29 Follicular neoplasia 76 Follicular thyroid cancer, risk factors 167 Follicular thyroid carcinoma 82 Follicular thyroid neoplasm 165 Follow-up 186 Frozen section 36 Furosemide 112 G Gardner's syndrome 58 Gene therapy 147 Genetic testing 244, 245 Genetics -MEN 40 - ret proto-oncogene activation 41 German multicenter study 184 Germline mutation 241, 244 Ghosting 200 GLUT1 184 Glutathione, alterations 146

3 Subjext Index 297 Glutathione S-transferase, alterations 146 Goiter multinodular 210 H Hematoxicity 115 Hemodialysis 100 Hemorrhage 217 Hereditary tumor 241 Histological subtypes 34 - encapsulated type 34 - tall-cell variant 35 - widely invasive type 34 Hoarseness 70,81 Human recombinant (hr) TSH 168 Human thyrotropin, recombinant 108 Hiirthle cell 82, 176, 183 Hiirthle cell carcinoma of the thyroid 5, 8; 9, 12 Hyperparathyroidism 244, 245, MEN 2A-MTC MEN2B primary 246, 292 Hyperplasia, reactive 218 Hypofunctionality 73 Hypoparathyroidism 81 I 131I age-related effects doses postoperative therapy therapy 229 ICAM-1 (intercellular adhesion molecule-1) 156 Imaging - after therapeutic dose cross-sectional delayed presurgical sequences imaging, artifacts metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) 176, I-MIBG 258 Immunoscintigraphy 261 Incidence - of anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid 14 - in childhood and adolescence 8, 9, 17 - of histological subtypes 8, 9, 18,20 - of thyroid cancer 4-8, 16-18,20 Index cases 245 Infertility In-pentetreotide In-pentetreotide ( octreotide), somatostatin receptors 170 Insular thyroid carcinoma (see also poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma) 82 Intercellular adhesion molecule-! (ICAM-1) 156 International Classification of Disease (ICD) 4 Invasion and metastasis - mechanism 42 - met oncogene 42 Invasive growth 71 In-vitro anti-tumor effects 145 Iodine - dietary intake 56 - intake and thyroid cancer 6, 13, radioactive deficiency 69 Ionising radiation, lack of 193 Iron oxide particles, ultrasmall superparamagnetic 198 JNIH-ABCC Live Span Study in Japan 12 L Laryngeal nerve, recurrent 81 Laryngoceles 220 Latency times 231 Leukemia 116 Levothyroxine (L-T4) 108, 133 Lithium 111 L-T4 (Levothyroxine) 108, effectiveness of the therapy remission risk of tumor progression risk of tumor recurrence suppressive dose minimal possible suppressive therapy - - heart life-long therapy side effects ultrasensitive assays for TSH determination 134 Lung fibrosis 232 Lymph node compartment 277 Lymph node enlargement 69 Lymph node metastases 85, 187, 277, 280 Lymph node stage and prognosis 121 f. Lymphadenectomy 86, 277

4 298 Subject Index - cervicocentral compartment cervicolateral compartment mediastinal compartment 278 Lymphatic drainage 207 M Mit quotient 217 Magnetic resonance imaging 256 Magnetic vector 194 Magnetization 194 Malformation, congenital ll5 Malignancy, risk 69 Marfanoid habitus 247 MDR (multidrug resistance) 145 Mediastinal compartment 278 Medullary (C-cell) carcinoma 31 Medullary thyroid cancer (MTC, see also C-cell carcinoma of the thyroid) 165, 177, 239,251 - calcitonin carcinoembryonic antigen FMTC proto-oncogene RET 275 Melphalan 141, 143 MEN MEN 2A 239, 241, 242, 245, 276 MEN 2B 239, 241, 243, 247, 276 Metastases - bone metastases brain metastases distant 86, lung metastases 102, lymph node metastases pulmonary to the thyroid 15 MIBI 182, 183, 188 Microcarcinoma 98 Micrometastases 85, 86 Mitoxantrone 143, 149 MNG1 59 Mortality 4, 7, 9, 19,20 MRI 77 MTC (medullary thyroid carcinoma) 165, 177,239,251 - chemotherapy clinical presentation of sporadic 243 diarrhea familial hereditary 239, 240, histological appearance lymph nodes metastases 240, palliative therapy radioactive iodine 290 -sporadic 239,243, natural history prognostic factors survival tumor stage 287 MTS-1 60 Mucosalneuromas 247 Multicenter studies on childhood thyroid cancer 231 Multidrug resistance (MDR) MRPl-mediated 147 Multiple endocrine neoplasia, type Multiple endocrine neoplasie (MEN) type 2 syndrome 239 N Na+/K+pump 181 National Cancer Database of the U.S. 3, 8, 9, 17 National Cancer Institute 148 Neck compartment 203 Neck, X-ray 77 Neoplasia, follicular 76 Neoplasm, follicular thyroid 165 Nerve palsy, recurrent 220 Nodule - cold 73 - solitary 69 - thyroid 69 Ntrkl proto-oncogene 59 Nuclear weapon tests 16 0 Occult disease 252 Octreotide Ill, 170,173,185,190,281,291 - somatostatin receptor 172 p Pacemaker, cardiac 199 Papillary carcinoma - ground glass nuclei 28 - occult sclerosing 29 - onocytic cell 29 Papillary microcarcinoma 5, ll, 12 Papillary thyroid cancer 76, 82 - prognosis 167 Papillary tumors 165 Parafollicular C cell 251 Paramagnetic effect 197 Parathyroid dysfunction ll7 Pentagastrin stimulation 245, 290 Pentagastrin test 241

5 Subject Index 299 Peutz-Jegher's syndrome 58 Pheochromocytoma 244,245,276,291 - MEN 2A-MTC MEN2B 276 Polyposis, adenomatous familial 58, 59 Positron emission tomography 170,261 Power-Doppler 71 Pregnancy 115 Presurgical staging 252 Prevalence 6, 8, 11, 12, 20 Primary hyperparathyroidism (see hyperparathyroidism, primary) Proapoptotic pathways 160 Prognosis 82, 122, of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma 9, 10, 14 - of C-cell carcinoma of the thyroid 9, 10, 14 - of histological subtypes 9, 10 - ofhiirthle cell carcinoma 9, 12 - of papillary microcarcinoma 12 - of poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma 13 - of tall-cell variant of papillary carcinoma 12 - of thyroid cancer in general 5, 7, 9, 10, 18, 19 Prognostic scores 32 Protocol diagnostic treatment 230 Proton density 195 Proto-oncogenes 145 Psychological support 282 PTEN 59 Pulmonary fibrosis 116 Pulmonary metastases, disseminated 232 R Radiation therapy - external 69, 176,281 Radiation thyroiditis 112 Radioiodine 167, amount dose negative thyroid cancer postoperative evaluation side effects uptake whole body scans 175 Radioiodine ablation 94 - activity 95, 97 - dosimetry 95 - microcarcinoma 98 - recurrence 93 - stunning effect 97 - survival rates 93 - thyroid remnant 94 Radioiodine scanning activity false-positive scans 111, stunning effect 110 Radioiodine therapy 99, bone metastases locally invasive thyroid cancer lung metastases 102, lymph node metastases negative radioiodine scan 99, recurrence 93 - side effects survival rates 93 - urinary iodine 100 Radiosensitizer 107 Radiotherapy 106,107 - bone metastases external hyperfractionated 143, locally invasive thyroid cancer 107 Reactor accident, age 229 Receptor tyrosine kinase 241 Recurrence 187 Redifferentiation 153 -therapy 111,187 Relaxation 194 Reoperation - CEA Genotype-phenotype 280 Repetition time 195 Residual thyroid tissue 168 Resonance frequency 194 Response 159 RET proto-oncogene 14, 59, mutation 242 Retinoic acids 111, 153 Retinoids 153 Reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) 146 Risk coefficient 231, 225 RT-PCD (reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction) 146 s Salivary gland atrophy 220 Scanning (see Radioiodine scanning) Scars 208 Scintigraphy

6 300 Subject Index - 3D-display of color-doppler. ultrasound 73 - Tc-99m-pertechnetate 71 Scores, prognostic 32 Secondary thyroid carcinomas (see metastases to the thyroid) Serum calcitonin 78 Sialadenitis 113 Single photon emission tomography 170 Small-cell carcinoma of the thyroid 5 Sodium/iodide symporter (NIS) 155 Solid lesion, hypoechogenic 70 Somatic mutation 243, 244 Somatostatin 140, 185,251 - receptor scintigraphy 261 Spatial resolution 188 SPECT 188 Spermatogenesis 114 SPIR 197 Steam cells 115 STIR 197 Stunning effect 97, 110, 169 Support, psychological 282 Surgery, probe-guided 101 Surgical approach, appropriate 177 Surgical resection - complete local extent 166 Surgical therapy - lymph node dissection lymph node staging thyroidectomy 121 Surgical treatment 83 Surveillance, Epidemiology and Emd Results (SEER) programm of the U.S. 9, 10, 16 Survival rates 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 17-19,247 T { 99 mtc)-sestamibi 170, mTc-tetrofosomin mTc (V)-dimer captosuccinic acid mT-(V)-DMSA 258 2mT1 170,171,176 - chloride 258 T1 time 195 T2 time 195 Tall-cell variant of papillary carcinoma 5, 12, 13 Tamoxifen 111 Taste dysfunction 113 reo 59 Tetrofosmin 182 Thallium 181 Therapy (see Radioiodine therapy) Thyrogen 108 Thyroglobulin marker for the presence of thyroid tissues sensitivity 171 Thyroid adenoma 186 Thyroid cancer 131, apoptosis assessing the risk chemotherapy dilemmas in the follow-up Doxorubicin F-FDG 73 - findings/symptoms 69 - follow-up of differential 73 - hoarseness 81 - hypoparathyroidism Inal 73 - in children prognosis lifetime risk 57 - medullary postoperative evaluation prevalence/risk assessment 69 - radiation-induced radioiodine-negative recurrentlaryngeal nerve 81 - relative incidence Tc-99m-MIBI 73 - therapy for recurrent/metastatic Tl-201 chloride 73 Thyroid carcinoma cell line iodide metabolism iodide uptake 155 Thyroid carcinoma - anaplastic chemoresistance multimodal approach poorly differentiated 5, 9, 13 Thyroid cell proliferation - cancer-related mortality recurrence rate serum thyroglobulin (Tg) 133 Thyroid gland 83 Thyroid hormone replacement 174, 175 Thyroid hormone treatment 131 Thyroid lymphoma 5, 14, 15 Thyroid nodules 69 Thyroid remnants, ablation 172, 177 Thyroid stimulating hormone 167

7 Subject Index 301 Thyroid, mean dose 228 Thyroidectomy 83, 84, 144, completion 87 - prophylactic 245 TNM 5,11 Transmembrane protein 145 Treatment -protocol 143,230 - results 230 Triiodothyronine 108 TSH - human recombinant receptor secretion suppression 133, 175 Tumor aggressiveness - distant metastases lymph node metastases 229 Tumor growth 140 Tumor invasion 210 Tumor marker thyroglobulin 77 Tumor mass reduction 140 Tumor progression 159 Tumor staging 228 u Ultrasonography 70, 256 Ultrasound guidance 75 Undifferentiated thyroid carcinoma 82, 84, 148 Union International Contre Cancer (UICC) 5, 11 USA, incidence 227 v Venous catheterization 288 Vincristine 141, 142, 143 Vitamin A - RA responsive elements (RAREs) retinoid receptors 154 X Xerostomia 113 X-radiation during childhood 16, 19 X-ray 256 X-ray of the neck 77

Thyroid Cancer. With 51 Figures and 30 Tables. Springer

Thyroid Cancer. With 51 Figures and 30 Tables. Springer H.-J. Biersack F. Griinwald (Eds.) Thyroid Cancer With 51 Figures and 30 Tables Springer PART 1 Basics 1 The Changing Epidemiology of Thyroid Cancer 3 R. GORGES 1.1 Basic Epidemiological Problems in Thyroid