DOI: 1.138/n2977 Numer of ells per field 6 4 2 P =.1 Orthotopi eum Normlized ventrl photon flux 1E7 1E6 1E5 1E4 1E3 1E2 n=8 n=9 1 2 3 4 5 6 Dys Dy54 1.5E5 2.4E7 d Mie with lymph node metstsis (%) 1 8 6 4 2 Mie with liver metstsis (%) 1 P =n.s. P =.4 P =.2 8 8 6 4 2 Lung mets in mie with liver mets (%) 1 6 4 2 Intestine Liver Lung 7.4E5 2.6E8 7.1E6 7.3E8 9.8E4 1.E7 Supplementry Figure 1 Chrteriztion of liver nd lung metstti potentil of SW62 prentl nd ells. () Invsion pity of SW62 prentl nd ells ws mesured using mtrigel-oted Boyden hmers. Results represent vlues of three independent experiments where eh ell line ws seeded in six Boyden hmers nd five fields per hmer were nlyzed nd verge for eh hmer otined (n=18 hmers per group). Sttistil signifine ws lulted using two-tiled Mnn Whitney test; the ox extends from 25 to 75 perentile where lk line within the ox represents medin, whiskers extend from 1 to 9 perentile. () In vivo prolifertion of prentl nd ells (.5x1 5 ) injeted into eum of nude mie. Bioluminesent imges were tken t dy 54. n =8 () nd n=9 () numer of mie used for eh ell line. Sttistil nlysis ws done using two-tiled Mnn Whitney test nd no sttistilly signifint differenes were found. () Perentge of lymph node nd liver metstsis s well s lung metstsis in mie tht developed liver metstsis upon intreum injetions of prentl nd ells determined post-mortem. Numer of mie (n) used is defined in (). Sttistil signifine ws lulted using one-sided Fisher s ext test. (d) Representtive ioluminesent imges of intestine, liver nd lung from mie injeted intreum with SW62 prentl nd ells. Dt is presented s verge plus s.d. WWW.NATURE.COM/NATURECELLBIOLOGY 1 214 Mmilln Pulishers Limited. All rights reserved.
CRC humn tumor smples. Stges I,II,III GSE17537+GSE14333 NES HR (log) 2-2 1-1 Re No Re NES=1.96 FDR<1e-6 P-p38 Size mthed liver metstsis H T H T T T H H 1 Rnk list 5 Supplementry Figure 2 Gene set enrihment nlyses (GSEA) of the CCM downregulted gene set nd phosphorylted p38 MAPK levels in liver metstti lesions formed y ells. () GSEA nlysis of the CCM downregulted gene set in humn olon ner dtset (pooled GSE17537 nd GSE14333 expression set). NES-normlized enrihment sore; FDR-flse disovery rte. () SW62 prentl nd ells were injeted intrliver nd 4 dys lter mie were srified. Size mthed liver lesions were seleted for immunohistohemistry stining with nti- phospho-p38 (P-p38) ntiodies. Representtive IHC stining is shown where n=6 nimls per group were used. Sle r 5 μm; inset sle r 5 μm; H-helthy tissue; T-tumor. 2 WWW.NATURE.COM/NATURECELLBIOLOGY 214 Mmilln Pulishers Limited. All rights reserved.
ells P-ERK1 P-ERK2 ERK1 ERK2 sh Control sh1erk1 sh2 ERK1 sh1 ERK2 sh2 ERK2 Mie with liver metstses (%) Lung mets in mie with liver metstses (%) Liver Coloniztion ssy Intrspleni injetions 1 8 P=n.s 6 4 2 1 8 6 4 2 P=n.s ells sh Control n=17 sh1erk1 n=1 sh2 ERK1 n=18 Normlized ventrl photon flux 1E7 1E6 1E5 Growth t the orthotopi site Intreum injetions 1E4 sh Control n=9 1E3 sh1 ERK1 n=9 sh2 ERK1 n=8 1E2 sh1 ERK2 n=1 sh2 ERK2 n=8 1E1 1 2 3 4 5 Dys d e f Perentge of Ki67 positive ells per field 11 1 9 8 7 6 Prolifertion n=2 n=2 n=2 n=2 n=2 sh Control sh1 ERK1 sh2 ERK1 sh1 ERK2 sh2 ERK2 Perentge of leved Cspse 3 positive ells per field 6 4 2 n=2 n=2 n=2 n=2 n=2 sh Control sh1 ERK1 Apoptosis sh2 ERK1 sh1 ERK2 sh2 ERK2 Proportion reurrene -free Coloretl primry tumors stges I,II,III GSE17537+ GSE14333; n=267 1..8.6.4.2. HR=2.29 P=.3 FRA1 HIGH (n=88) FRA1 MED-LOW (n=179) 2 4 6 8 Months 1 12 Supplementry Figure 3 ERK1 nd ERK2 influene on primry tumors nd metstsis. () ERK1 nd ERK2 downregultion ws onfirmed y Western lotting (representtive Western lots from three independent experiments re shown). () Perentge of mie intrsplenilly injeted with ells expressing the indited shrnas tht developed liver metstses (up) or lung metstsis (ottom). n= 17 (shcontrol), n=1 (sh1 ERK1) nd n=18 (sh2 ERK1) numer of mie used per group pooled from two independent experiments. Sttistil nlysis ws done using two-sided Fisher s ext test. n.s.- not signifint. () ells expressing the indited shrnas were injeted orthotopilly into mie eum nd growth rtes y photon flux quntifition were determined. n=9 (shcontrol), n=9 (sh1 ERK1), n=8 (sh2 ERK1), n=1 (sh1 ERK2), n=8 (sh2 ERK2) numer of mie used per group. Dt is presented s verge plus s.d. Sttistil nlysis ws done using one-wy ANOVA nd no sttistil differenes were found. (d nd e) Size mthed lesions from () were seleted for immunohistohemistry Ki-67 (d) nd leved spse-3 stining (e). n=2 totl fields per group nlyzed where five different fields from size mthed lesions per mouse were quntified. Numer of mie used in eh group ws 4. Sttistil nlysis ws done using two-tiled Mnn Whitney test. All vlues re presented in the grphs together with verge ±s.d. (f) Kpln-Meier urves representing ssoition of proportion of reurrene-free ptients with reltive FRA1 gene expression levels in humn primry olon ner dtset (pooled GSE17537 nd GSE14333; n=267). HR-hzrd rtio. Sttistil nlysis ws done using Cox proportionl hzrd s model. WWW.NATURE.COM/NATURECELLBIOLOGY 3 214 Mmilln Pulishers Limited. All rights reserved.
P-p38 tumor/p-p38 helthy tissue rtio 4 3 2 1 Tumors with lung mets n=3 P=.29 Tumors with other mets n=4 Perentge of Ki67 positive ells per field 1 8 6 4 2 Prolifertion P=.1 n=4 n=3 n=4 sh p38ɑ MKK6 EE Perentge of leved Cspse 3 positive ells per field 4 3 2 1 Apoptosis n=8 n=6 n=8 sh p38ɑ MKK6 EE Group EE MKK6 sh p38ɑ mie with liver mets (%) 44.4 55.5 16.7 Metstsis re (mm ) liver.9±.2.8±.7.4±.2 re (mm ) lung 2 2.3±.1 #.4±.1.13±.2# d Lung Liver e HCT116 ells f SW62 ells LIM2 Emerging metstsis poptosis H&E EE MKK6 sh p38ɑ Perentge of leved Cspse 3 positive ells per field 6 4 2 n=9 lesions n=11 lesions n=5 lesions sh p38ɑ MKK6 EE Cleved spse 3 Perentge of leved Cspse 3 positive ells per field.6.4.2. n=9 lesions n=6 lesions Supplementry Figure 4 Supplementry Figure 4 Lung metstsis in olon ner ssoites with low levels of phopsho-p38 MAPK in primry tumors. () Assoition of lung metstsis with levels of phosphorylted p38 (P-p38) protein in smples of 7 primry CRC tumor smples tht developed metstsis. P-p38 levels were normlized to p38 totl mount of protein nd P-p38 expressed in the respetive helthy muos smples. n=3 tumors with lung mets nd n=4 tumors with other mets. Sttistil nlysis ws done using one-tiled Mnn Whitney test. () HCT116 ells expressing p38α shrnas or onstitutively tive MKK6 EE were injeted orthotopilly into mie eum nd size mthed lesions were seleted for Ki-67 nd leved spse-3 stining. Five different fields per lesion nd mouse for Ki67 stining nd ten different fields /lesion/mouse for leved spse-3 stining were sored. n=4 (), n=3 (sh p38 α) nd n=4 (MKK6 EE ) totl numer of fields per group nlyzed for Ki67 stining. n=8 (), n=6 (sh p38 α) nd n=8 (MKK6 EE ) totl numer of fields per group nlyzed for leved spse-3 stining. () HCTT116 ells expressing p38α shrnas or onstitutively tive MKK6 EE were injeted orthotopilly into mie eum nd the perentge of mie tht developed liver metstsis, the re of liver nd lung metstsis were determined. #, indite the groups whih sttistilly signifint. # P=.1; P=.17. Vlues for re represent men ± s.e.m. n=41 (), n=14 (sh p38 α) nd n=61 (MKK6 EE ) numer of lung lesions nlyzed. (d) Representtive H&E stining of lung nd liver histologil setions from (). Dshed lines delinete metstsis. Sle r 2 μm. (e) Emerging lung metstti lesions from HCTT116 ells expressing p38α shrnas or onstitutively tive MKK6 EE injeted orthotopilly into mie eum were seleted for leved spse-3 stining. n=9 (), n=11 (sh p38 α) nd n=5 (MKK6 EE ) totl numer of lesions nlyzed per group. (f) Emerging lung metstti lesions from SW62 prentl nd ells were seleted for leved spse-3 stining. n=6 () nd n=9 () totl numer of lesions nlyzed per group. Sle r 5 μm. For (),(), (e) nd (f) two-tiled Mnn Whitney test ws used for sttistil nlysis; n.s.- not signifint. In pnels (), (), nd (f) ll vlues re presented in the grphs together with verge ±s.d. In pnel (e) ll vlues re presented in the grph together with verge plus s.d. 4 WWW.NATURE.COM/NATURECELLBIOLOGY 214 Mmilln Pulishers Limited. All rights reserved.
Proportion reurrene -free 1..8.6.4.2. Coloretl primry tumors stges I,II, III GSE17537+GSE14333=267 HR=2.14 P=.21 PTHLH LOW (n=88) PTHLH MED-HIGH (n=179) HCT116 Cells Protein Extrts PTHLH protein expression (pg/µg of totl protein) 2 15 1 5 Control MKK6 EE P=.38 Control MKK6 EE OE PTHLH 2 4 6 8 1 12 Months d SW62 Conditioned Medi PTHLH (SDQDLR peptide) Aundne 16 8 18 2 22 24 26 28 Time (min) SDQDLR +2 366.2 531.3 shcontrol shpthlh Smple shcontrol shpthlh Peptide SDQDLR SDQDLR SDQDLR Preursor m/z 366.21 366.21 366.21 Frgment m/z 531.29 531.29 531.29 Aundne.1 16..8 Supplementry Figure 5 PTHLH gene expression is ssoited with poor linil outome in ptients with olon ner. () Kpln-Meier urves representing ssoition of proportion of reurrene-free ptients with reltive PTHLH gene expression levels in humn primry olon ner dtset (pooled GSE17537 nd GSE14333; n=267). HR-hzrd rtio. Sttistil nlysis ws done using Cox proportionl hzrd s model. ( nd ) ELISA nlysis of PTHLH levels in HCTT116 ells (n=3 vlues from independent experiments) expressing onstitutively tive MKK6EE () or immunofluoresene nlysis of PTHLH levels (representtive imges from two independent experiments) in SW62 ells expressing PTHLH (). Sttistil nlysis ws done using one-tiled Student s t test in () nd grphs represent verge plus s.d. Sle r in () 5μM. (d) Detetion of PTHLH y mss-spe nlysis in onditioned medium from SW62 prentl, shcontrol nd shpthlh ell lines. WWW.NATURE.COM/NATURECELLBIOLOGY 5 214 Mmilln Pulishers Limited. All rights reserved.
ells Intrpulmonry injetions ells Til vein injetions Normlized lung photon flux 1E7 1E6 1E5 1E4 1E3 1E2 sh Control n=9 sh1 PTHLH n=9 sh2 PTHLH n=9 Dy15 4 Reltive mrna PTHLH expression 8 12 Dys 1.2.8.4. 16 ** ** Lung metstsis-free survivl 1 8 6 4 2 n=14 1 2 3 4 5 6 Dy sh Control sh1 PTHLH sh2 PTHLH Dy Dy 6 1.6E5 2.5E7 9.4E3 7.3E5 Supplementry Figure 6 PTHLH does not ffet the growth of ells in the lung. () Photon flux of dorsl upper k re of mie injeted intrpulmonry with ells expressing two different shrna ginst PTHLH. Normliztion ws done to vlues of dy. n=9 (sh Control), n=9 (sh1 PTHLH) nd n=9 (sh2 PTHLH) numer of mie used per group. Inset represents qrt-pcr nlysis of PTHLH expression levels in ells infeted with lentivirus expressing shrna ginst PTHLH or the ontrol shrna in three independent experiments (n=3). Sttistil nlysis for min grph ws done using two-tiled Mnn Whitney test nd no sttistilly signifint differenes were found. Sttistis for the grph presented in inset ws done using two-tiled Student s t test. ** P<.1. Vlues represented in the min grph s well s in inset represent verge plus s.d. () Representtive ioluminesent imges of mie injeted intrpulmonry with ells expressing two different shrnas ginst PTHLH. () Lung metstsis-free survivl of mie (n = 14) upon til vein injetion of ells. Representtive ioluminesent imges re shown. 6 WWW.NATURE.COM/NATURECELLBIOLOGY 214 Mmilln Pulishers Limited. All rights reserved.
Numer of ells per field (2X) 3 2 1 ells Migrtion Fironetin PTH1R P=n.s HPMEC OE PTHLH Migrtion through HPMEC monolyer P=.9 HPMEC ell monolyer 24 h tretement with onditioned medium (SW62 ell derivtives) shpthlh PTHLH-AP Totl gp re per field (AU) 15 12 9 6 3 CM: P=.6 P=.2 P=.8 shpthlh PTHLH AP d Numer of TUNEL positive ells per setion 8 6 4 2 2 15 1 5 PBS 1nM 1nM 1nM Ovry Liver e Sturosporine 2µM PTHLH 1.25µM DMSO PARP Cleved PARP Cspse 3 Cleved spse 3 Cspse 7 Cleved spse 7 - - + - + - + - - f PTHLH.5µM PTHLH 1.25µM Bid Bk Bl-xl Ml-1 - + - - - + g PTHLH.5µM PTHLH 1.25µM AIFM1 Tom2 Cytosoli frtion Mitohondril frtion - + - - + - - - + - - + Supplementry Figure 7 Effet of PTHLH on endothelil ells of the lung. () Migrtion of ells mok infeted or infeted with retrovirus tht expresses PTHLH ws sored in Boyden hmers overed with fironetin or with fironetin nd HPMEC monolyer. Eh ell line ws seeded in triplite nd 5 fields per hmer were ounted. Results represent three independent experiments for migrtion through fironetin nd four independent experiments for migrtion through fironetin nd HPMEC monolyer. n=45 totl numer of fields nlyzed per group for migrtion through fironetin nd n=6 totl numer of fields nlyzed per group for migrtion through fironetin nd HPMEC monolyer. Sttistil nlysis ws done using two-tiled Mnn Whitney test () Western lot nlysis of PTH1R expression levels in HPMEC ells (representtive imges from two independent experiments). ws used s loding ontrol. () HPMEC ells were grown until rehing tight onfluene nd then were treted for 24 h with onditioned medium from SW62 prentl,, shpthlh nd treted ells with PTHLH-Antgonist Peptide (AP). Phlloidin stining ws performed nd totl gp re per field ws determined. Results represent vlues of three independent experiments where eh smple ws seeded in duplite nd for eh overslip t lest 5 fields were nlyzed. n=4,4,4 nd 3 totl numer of fields nlyzed per group respetively. Sttistil nlysis ws done using two-tiled Student s t test; sle r 1 μm. (d) Averge numer of TUNEL-positive ells in ovry or liver 4 h post til vein injetion of reominnt PTHLH (1-34). Three 3 μm distnt setions per niml were ounted. PBS, 1 nm, 1 nm, nd 1 nm rpthlh (5 mie per group). n=15 totl numer of setions nlyzed per group. Sttistil nlysis ws done using two-tiled Mnn Whitney test; n.s.-not signifint. All vlues re presented in the grphs together with verge ±s.d. (e) Western lot nlysis of totl nd leved PARP, Cspses-3 nd Cspses-7 in HPMEC ells treted for 2 h with PTHLH or Sturosporine. ws used s loding ontrol. (f) Western lot nlysis of pro-poptoti nd nti-poptoti protein levels in HPMEC ells upon 4 h tretment with the indited doses of reominnt PTHLH. ws used s loding ontrol. (g) HPMEC ells were treted for 4 h with the indited doses of reominnt PTHLH nd the ytosoli nd mitohondril frtions were isolted nd sujeted to western lot nlysis for AIFM1 protein expression levels. Tom 2 ws used s loding ontrol of mitohondri nd tuulin s loding ontrol of ytosol. In pnels () nd () the ox extends from 25 to 75 perentile where lk line within the ox represents medin, the whiskers extend from 1 to 9 perentile. Western lot imges in (e), (f) nd (g) re representtive from t lest two independent experiments. WWW.NATURE.COM/NATURECELLBIOLOGY 7 214 Mmilln Pulishers Limited. All rights reserved.
Figure 2d P-ERK1/2+ 1 1kD ERK1/2 1 1kD 1 1kD P-p38 p38 P-JNK 1 1kD 1kD JNK 1kD Figure 2g P-ERK1/2 Figure 3 P-ERK1/2 ERK1/2 ERK1/2 ERK1/2 Figure 3 P-p38 p38 α 1kD Figure 3d P-p38 45kD 29kD 45kD p38 α Supplementry Figure 8 Supplementry Figure 8 Full sns 8 WWW.NATURE.COM/NATURECELLBIOLOGY 214 Mmilln Pulishers Limited. All rights reserved.
2 1 1kD Supplementry Figure 3 P-ERK1/2 2 1 1kD ERK1/2 2 1 1kD Supplementry Figure 7 PTH1R 1kD 1kD Supplementry Figure 7e 1 1kD PARP nd leved PARP 25kD 25kD 2kD 15kD Cspse 3 Cspse 3 nd leved spse 3 Cspse 7 25kD 2kD Cspse 7 + leved spse 7 25kD 2kD 15kD Supplementry Figure 7g AIFM1 25kD 2kD 15kD Tom2 2 1 1kD 25kD Supplementry Figure 8 ontinued Supplementry Figure 8 ontinued Full sns WWW.NATURE.COM/NATURECELLBIOLOGY 9 214 Mmilln Pulishers Limited. All rights reserved.
Supplementry Video Legend Supplementry Video 1 PTHLH tretment inreses intrellulr C2+ levels. Cells were treted for 15 min with Fluo4-AM lium inditor nd then imged for 9 min. First two minutes of imging were used for determining the sl C2+ levels. At min 2, ontrol medi ws dded to ells nd t min 5 medi with 1.25μM reominnt PTHLH. Supplementry Tle Legends Supplementry Tle 1 Genes differentilly expressed etween nd ells. Comprtive genome-wide expression nlysis of genes tht were overexpressed or underexpressed t lest 2.5-fold in the highly liver metstti derivtive ompred to prentl ells Supplementry Tle 2 BGSEA for KEGG gene sets ( vs. ). By using BGSEA we identified pthwy-speifi gene expression signtures (KEGG gene sets) tht were differentilly represented in the gene expression profiles of prentl nd ells. Supplementry Tle 3 Frequeny of liver nd lung metstsis in pooled nlysis of ptients with metstti olon nd retl ners. Frequeny of liver nd lung metstsis in pooled nlysis of ptients with metstti olon nd retl ners with linil nnottion for the site of metstsis. Supplementry Tle 4 Genes differentilly expressed in ells ompred to tht orrelted signifintly with MKK6 expression in CRC primry tumors. Genes differentilly expressed in ells ompred to (f>1.7) tht orrelted signifintly (p<.5) with MKK6 expression in Stge II nd III CRC primry tumors. 1 WWW.NATURE.COM/NATURECELLBIOLOGY 214 Mmilln Pulishers Limited. All rights reserved.