The Attractions and Risks of Gaming and Gambling for Youth: Insights from the Connections Program

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1 The Attractions and Risks of Gaming and Gambling for Youth: Insights from the Connections Program Steve Chiasson, Making Connections Counselling and Workshop Services

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3 These Behaviours Are More Similar Than Different

4 It is our human tendency to organize the world by seeking out patterns.

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6 # of footsteps across Canada? 6

7 PROBLEM GAMBLING/GAMING HABIT Research indicates that problem gambling behaviour can be acquired solely through operant and classical conditioning How often an individual participates in gambling (habit strength) is a key factor in the establishment of a gambling problem

8 Two Types of Behavioural Conditioning Operant Classical Before conditioning Before conditioning During conditioning After conditioning 8

9 THE ROLE OF OPERANT CONDITIONING Random ratio reinforcement produces both the highest rate of responding (keeping a person engaged in a behaviour) and the greatest resistance to extinction (stopping) The influence of random ratio reinforcement contributes to persistence in gambling and gaming behaviour 9

10 Classical Conditioning Paired Association BOREDOM GAMBLING/GAMING GAMBLING/GAMING STRESS GAMBLING/GAMING GAMBLING/GAMING 10 SIGHTS, SOUNDS, TIME OF DAY, DAY OF THE WEEK, CERTAIN WORDS

11 Just Imagine... How Problematic This Type of Conditioning Can Become

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13 WHAT MAKES ONLINE GAMES SO ATTRACTIVE? Opportunity for constant measurable achievement/growth Temporary escape- Immersion spell Flow state Challenge Opportunity to socialize/social currency/connection Infinite levels In-game currency Intermittent rewards Virtual worlds that are still active when the player is offline Instant gratification Autonomy Fulfillment derived by experiencing life through an avatar

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15 WHAT MAKES ONLINE GAMES SO ATTRACTIVE? Opportunity for constant measurable achievement/growth Temporary escape- Immersion spell Flow state Challenge Opportunity to socialize/social currency/connection Infinite levels In-game currency Intermittent rewards Virtual worlds that are still active when the player is offline Instant gratification Autonomy Fulfillment derived by experiencing life through an avatar

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18 THE ROLE OF DOPAMINE Gaming triggers a dopamine release A Dopamine reward motivates us to repeat the behaviour even when the behaviour becomes harmful Gaming provides an integrated experience suspense novelty music/ graphics achieving goals big and small unlocking more of the game/ gaining a level competing against other players disconnection from the real world Dopamine saturation can lead to changes in the brain Experience Peak levels of Dopamine and Heightened Sensitivity

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20 Beyond a chance to win money something of value

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22 Virtual Reality

23 RECOMMENDED LOW RISK VIDEO GAMING GUIDELINES No more than 40 minutes/night on school nights No more than 1 hour/day on weekends/vacations No games rated M Avoid games where a moral inversion present Avoid games where violence is depicted as fun, or funny Avoid games where real-world consequences of violence are lacking from the game No devices in bedroom

24 RISK FACTORS developmental stage (younger people are at higher risk) transitional age youth low self-esteem bullying family conflict access to technology perfectionism (neuroticism) poor social adjustment difficulty bouncing back/ resilience learning difficulties or exceptionalities (high IQ) low tolerance for boredom attachment issues history of trauma

25 COMMON CO-OCCURRING MENTAL HEALTH ISSUES AND RISK FACTORS Research indicates that people with problem technology use are more likely to have certain co-occurring mental health issues. Some common co-occurring mental health and neurodevelopmental disorders are: ADHD Anxiety (generalized and social phobia) Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Depression Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). Grief/loss issues

26 CROWDING OUT EFFECT What is gaming/gambling displacing? Academic motivation- getting to the next level in the game results in a shift in motivation away from the real world to virtual world. Male adolescents are inclined to value and talk about successes in game rather than educational achievements. DR. Leonard Sax :-Boys Adrift Video games can warp your perception of effort, value, and reward Cam Adair- Game Quitters

27 GAMING AND GAMBLING CAN CHANGE THE BRAIN Prolonged and excessive consumption can lead to structural changes in the brain: Numbed pleasure response Hyper- reactivity to gaming and gambling Willpower erosion

28 SURVIVAL RELATIONSHIPS SHELTER SLEEP EAT GAMBLING/GAMING 28

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