BIOH111. o Cell Module o Tissue Module o Integumentary system o Skeletal system o Muscle system o Nervous system o Endocrine system

Transcription

1 BIOH111 o Cell Module o Tissue Module o Integumentary system o Skeletal system o Muscle system o Nervous system o Endocrine system Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 1

2 TEXTBOOK AND REQUIRED/RECOMMENDED READINGS o Principles of anatomy and physiology. Tortora et al; 14 th edition: Chapter 7 and 8 Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 2

3 BIOH111 SKELETAL SYSTEM MODULE o Session 9 (Lectures 13 and 14) Bone physiology: Building of bone organ cells, tissue, organ and repair o Session 10 (Lectures 15 and 16) - The Skeletal System: Axial and Appendicular Skeleton, Joints and Movement Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 3

4 BIOH111 Lectures 15 and 16 The Skeletal System Axial and Appendicular Skeleton Department of Bioscience endeavour.edu.au

5 PREPARATION FOR THIS SESSION o Complete any missing concepts and linking words from Session 9 o Review overall functions of the skeletal system o Write down any bone names you know (you will learn latin names for these in the next session) Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 5

6 Lecture 15: Types of bones OBJECTIVES Describe the types of bones within the body and relate their shape to their structure and function Axial skeleton Identify parts of axial skeleton and describe structure and function of its parts Appendicular skeleton Identify parts of appendicular skeleton and describe structure and function of its parts Lecture 16: Types of joints Structural and functional classification of joints Describe the types of joints within the body and relate their shape to their structure and function Movement of synovial joints in tutorial Describe different movements (gliding, angular, rotation and special movements) Describe factors affecting movements at synovial joints Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 6

7 THE SKELETAL SYSTEM o Axial Skeleton lies along longitudinal axis 80 bones skull, hyoid, ear ossicles, trunk (vertebrae + ribs + sternum) o Appendicular Skeleton Extremities (appendages) 126 bones upper & lower limbs and pelvic & pectoral girdles Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 7

8 cells tissue organ TYPES OF BONES - REVISION o 5 basic types of bones classified by shape.. Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 8

9 BONE SURFACE MARKINGS Two major types of surface markings: 1. Depressions and openings - participate in joints or allow the passage of soft tissue; e.g. foramen, fossa and sulcus 2. Processes - are projections or outgrowths that either help form joints or serve as attachment points for connective tissue; e.g. head, condyle and tuberosity Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 9

10 o 80 bones lie along longitudinal axis AXIAL SKELETON Skull - cranial (8) and facial (14) Hyoid (1) Ear ossicles (6) Vertebrae (26) Ribs (24) Sternum (1) o Function: protection of organs Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 10

11 SKULL o Forms the large cranial cavity and smaller cavities, including the nasal cavity and orbits (eye sockets). General features: Sutures Paranasal sinuses Moveable bones of the skull: ear ossicles and mandible o Composed of 22 bones: 8 cranial bones (cranium) and 14 facial bones (face) Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 11

12 CRANIAL BONES Function: protect brain, house ear ossicles and are muscle attachment for jaw, neck & facial muscles Frontal Ethmoid Temporal (2) Sphenoid Parietal (2) Occipital Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 12

13 FACIAL BONES Function: protect delicate sense organs (smell, taste, vision); support entrances to digestive and respiratory systems (mouth and nose) Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 13

14 SUTURES o Immovable joints found only between skull bones and hold skull bones together o e.g. coronal, sagital, lamboidal and squamous sutures Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 14

15 FONTANELS o Only found in infants o Non-ossified; dense connective tissue filled spaces between the cranial bones o Functions: modification of infant skull size and shape and permits rapid growth of the brain during infancy o Major fontanels: anterior, posterior, anterolaterals, and posterolaterals Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 15

16 PARANASAL SINUSES o Cavities in specific skull bones lined by mucous membranes that communicate with the nasal cavity; frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid and maxillae o Function: lighten the skull and serve as resonating chambers for speech o Clinical application: sinusitis inflammation of the paranasal sinuses membranes due to infection or allergy Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 16

17 o U-shaped single bone; o Articulates with no other bone of the body and is suspended by ligament and muscle HYOID BONE o Function: supports the tongue & provides attachment for tongue, neck and pharyngeal muscles Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 17

18 VERTEBRAL COLUMN o Part of trunk of the skeleton; also called backbone or spine o Contains 26 vertebrae o Five vertebral regions cervical vertebrae (7) thoracic vertebrae (12) lumbar vertebrae (5) sacrum (5, fused) coccyx (4, fused) Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 18

19 VERTEBRAE o Body weight bearing and scaffold for blood vessels o Vertebral arch permits passage of a single spinal nerve o Vertebral foramen forms a canal for spinal cord o Seven processes (7) points of muscle and surrounding vertebrae attachment Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 19

20 INTERVERTEBRAL DISCS o Structure: Fibrocartilaginous ring with a pulpy center; between adjacent vertebrae absorbs vertical shock o Function: permit various movements of the vertebral column Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 20

21 o 7 cervical vertebrae CERVICAL REGION o Atlas - first cervical vertebra; supports the skull o Axis - second cervical vertebra; permits side-to-side rotation of the head o Third to sixth - typical cervical vertebrae. o Prominens - seventh cervical vertebra; base of the neck Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 21

22 THORACIC VERTEBRAE (T1-T12) o 12 thoracic vertebrae o Larger and stronger then cervical vertebrae o Function: articulate with the ribs via transverse process Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 22

23 LUMBAR REGION o 5 lumbar vertebrae o Largest and strongest vertebrae in the column o Function: attachment of large back muscles and support of body weight Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 23

24 COMPARISON OF VERTEBRAE Considering the function of different backbone regions, comment which vertebrae belongs to which region and why. Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 24

25 SACRUM & COCCYX o Sacrum - triangular bone formed by the union of 5 sacral vertebrae Function: strong foundation for the pelvic girdle o Coccyx - formed by the fusion of 4 coccygeal vertebrae Function: insertion point of ligaments and muscles (e.g. pelvic floor) Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 25

26 NORMAL CURVES OF THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN o In adult, 4 normal vertebral curves: cervical and lumbar (anteriorly convex) and thoracic and sacral (anteriorly concave) o In the fetus, there is only a single anteriorly concave curve Primary curves: thoracic and sacral; formed during fetal development Secondary curves: cervical (formed at 4 months) and lumbar (formed at 1 year) Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 27

27 THORAX o Thorax refers to the entire chest: skeletal part and organs. o Bony cage: skeletal part of the thorax; consists of the sternum, costal cartilages, ribs and the bodies of the thoracic vertebrae o Function: encloses and protects the organs; provides support for the bones of the shoulder girdle and upper limbs What type of tissue do you think costal cartilage is? Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 28

28 STERNUM o Located on the anterior midline of the thoracic wall o Manubrium 1st & 2nd ribs top: suprasternal notch bottom: sternal angle o Body costal cartilages of 2-10 ribs o Xiphoid ossifies by 40 CPR position o Clinical application: Sternal puncture for biopsy Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 29

29 RIBS o 12 pairs of ribs: pairs 1-7 are true ribs; pairs 8-12 are false ribs (pairs 11 and 12 are false floating ribs). o Function: structural support to the sides of the thoracic cavity Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 30

30 APPENDICULAR SKELETON o Includes 126 bones of the upper and lower extremities and the shoulder and hip girdles. Pectoral girdle Upper limbs Pelvic girdle Lower limbs o Function: facilitation of movement Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 31

31 PECTORAL (SHOULDER) GIRDLE The pectoral or shoulder girdle attaches the bones of the upper limbs to the axial skeleton and consists of scapula and clavicle Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 32

32 UPPER EXTREMITY o Each upper limb = 30 bones humerus within the arm ulna & radius within the forearm carpal bones within the wrist (8) metacarpal bones within the palm (5) phalanges in the fingers (2,3,3,3,3) o Joints e.g. shoulder, elbow, wrist, interphalangeal (note: names will be covered in detail in MSTA121) Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 33

33 PELVIC (HIP) GIRDLE o Pelvic girdle; two hipbones united at pubic symphysis o Hipbone structure: ilium, pubis, and ischium o Bony pelvis: Structure: 2 hip bones + sacrum + coccyx; pelvic brim Function: point of contact with axial skeleton; support for vertebral column and lower abdominal organs Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 34

34 For interest only FEMALE MALE Pelvis: Why are these differences important? wider & shallower Pelvic brim: wider and more oval Pubic arch: >90 degrees True pelvis: larger pelvic inlet & outlet more space Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 35

35 LOWER EXTREMITY o Each lower limb = 30 bones femur and patella (thigh) tibia & fibula (leg) tarsal bones (foot) metatarsals (forefoot) phalanges (toes) o Joints e.g. hip, knee, ankle, proximal & distal tibiofibular (note: names will be covered in detail in MSTA121) Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 36

36 FEMUR (THIGHBONE) o Largest, heaviest and strongest bone of the body o It articulates with the hip bone and the tibia. o Function: muscle attachments to aid movement Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 37

37 PATELLA (KNEECAP) o Sesamoid bone located anterior to the knee joint. o Functions: increases the leverage of the tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle; maintains the position of the tendon when the knee is bent; protects the knee joint Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 38

38 TIBIA AND FIBULA o Tibia or shinbone is the larger, medial, weight-bearing bone of the leg. o The fibula is parallel and lateral to the tibia. Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 39

39 TARSALS, METATARSALS AND o Tarsal bones (7) constitute the ankle and share the weight associated with walking. o Metatarsal bones (5) are contained in the foot. o Phalanges (14) in the toes have the same arrangement as in hand phalanges. PHALANGES Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 40

40 For interest only ARCHES OF THE FOOT o Two non-rigid longitudinal arches along each side of foot and one transverse arch o Function: distribute body weight over foot; yield & spring back when weight is lifted Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 41

41 Lecture 15: Types of bones OBJECTIVES Describe the types of bones within the body and relate their shape to their structure and function Axial skeleton Identify parts of axial skeleton and describe structure and function of its parts Appendicular skeleton Identify parts of appendicular skeleton and describe structure and function of its parts Lecture 16: Types of joints Structural and functional classification of joints Describe the types of joints within the body and relate their shape to their structure and function Movement of synovial joints in tutorial Describe different movements (gliding, angular, rotation and special movements) Describe factors affecting movements at synovial joints Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 42

42 JOINTS o Joints hold bones together but permit movement o Point of contact between 2 bones between cartilage and bone between teeth and bones o Arthrology = study of joints o Kinesiology = study of motion Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 43

43 CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS o Structural classification is based on the presence or absence of a synovial cavity and type of connecting tissue: Fibrous no synovial cavity; dense fibrous connective tissue; little to no movement; 3 structural types Cartilaginous no synovial cavity; fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage; little to no movement; 2 structural types Synovial contain synovial cavity; hyaline cartilage called articular cartilage; free movement; 6 structural types o Functional classification based upon movement: Synarthrosis - immovable Amphiarthrosis - slightly movable Diarthrosis - freely movable Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 44

44 FIBROUS JOINT TYPES o Sutures: unite bones of the skull Synarthrosis joints Function: shock absorption add strength and decrease chance of bone fractures Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 45

45 FIBROUS JOINT TYPES o Syndesmosis: unite bones that are at greater distance; denser then sutures e.g. ligament - amphiarthrosis joint e.g. gomphosis - synarthosis joints Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 46

46 FIBROUS JOINT TYPES o Interosseous membrane: unite neighboring long bones; denser then syndesmosis Amphiarthrosis joint e.g. between fibula and tibia or between radius and ulna Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 47

47 CARTILAGINOUS JOINT TYPES o Synchondrosis: Hyaline cartilage Synarthrosis joint e.g. epiphyseal plate or joints between ribs and sternum Function: permits growth What do you already know about the epiphyseal plate? Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 48

48 CARTILAGINOUS JOINT TYPES o Symphysis: Fibrocartilage Amphiathrosis joint e.g. intervertebral disc and pubic symphysis Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 49

49 o Separates articulating bones o Diarthrosis joint SYNOVIAL JOINTS o Structure: Articular capsule Articular cartilage Synovial cavity o Function: reduces friction and absorbs shock Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 50

50 ARTICULAR CAPSULE o Structure: composed of two layers: outer fibrous capsule: extension of periosteum; irregular connective tissue; tensile strength inner synovial membrane: areolar connective tissue with elastic fibers; secretes synovial fluid (hyaluronic acid; lubricates and nourishes articular cartilage); allows flexibility o Function: encloses the synovial cavity and unites the articulating bones Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 51

51 2: SYNOVIAL MEMBRANES - REVISION o Composed of specialized cells called synovicytes which secrete slippery synovial fluid; this ensures friction-free movement, nourishment to the underlying cartilage and removal of any microbes o Line joint cavities of all freely movable joints, bursae and tendon sheaths Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 52

52 SPECIAL FEATURES OF SYNOVIAL o Accessory ligaments Fibres of dense regular connective tissue; resist strains; extracapsular and intracapsular ligaments JOINTS o Articular fat pads Accumulation of adipose tissue in some synovial joints; e.g. knee pad Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 53

53 SPECIAL FEATURES OF SYNOVIAL o Articular disc or meniscus pads of fibrocartilage attached around edges to capsule; allow 2 bones of different shape to fit tightly; increase stability of knee - torn cartilage o Bursa not strictly part of synovial joint; saclike structures between structures (e.g. skin/bone or tendon/bone or ligament/bone); alleviate points of possible friction JOINTS Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 54

54 Non assessable NERVE AND BLOOD SUPPLY o Nerves to joints are branches of nerves to nearby muscles joint capsule and ligaments contain pain fibers and sensory receptors o Blood supply to the structures of a joint are branches from nearby structures supply nutrients to all joint tissues except the articular cartilage which is supplied from the synovial fluid Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 55

55 o Planar: SYNOVIAL JOINT TYPES bi-axial; bone surfaces are flat or slightly curved side-to-side and back-and-forth gliding movements; rotation prevented by ligaments e.g. intercarpal joints o Hinge: Uniaxial; convex/concave fit Flexion, extension and hyperextension movements e.g. knee, elbow, interphalangeal joint Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 56

56 o Pivot: SYNOVIAL JOINT TYPES Monoaxial (allows only rotation around longitudinal axis); rounded surface of bone articulates with ring formed by second bone & ligament Supination, pronation; turning head sideto-side (NO) e.g. proximal radioulnar joint o Ellipsoidal (Condyloid): Bi-axial; oval-shaped projection fits into oval depression flex/extend or abduct/adduct e.g. wrist and metacarpophalangeal joints Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 57

57 o Saddle: SYNOVIAL JOINT TYPES Bi-axial; One bone saddled-shaped and the other looks like it is sitting in the saddle Circumduction and opposition movement e.g. trapezium of carpus and metacarpal of the thumb o Ball and Socket: Multi-axial; Ball fitting into a cuplike depression flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, rotation movement e.g. shoulder and hip joint (only these two) Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 58

58 MOVEMENT GO TO TUTORIAL Definition: an action of a body or a body part that is described in a range of terms that indicate form of motion, direction of motion or relationship of motion between two body parts. Movement at synovial joints are grouped in 4 categories: 1. Gliding 2. Angular 3. Rotation 4. Special Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 60

59 RANGE OF MOTION AT SYNOVIAL JOINTS Range of motion range through which the bones of a joint can be moved; measured in degrees of a circle. Factors that affect ROM: o Structure and shape of the articulating bone o Strength and tautness of the joint ligaments o Arrangement and tension of the muscles o Contact of soft parts o Hormones o Disuse Read section 9.7 and discuss with your peers any examples you may have for each. Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 61

60 1. GLIDING MOVEMENTS o Gliding movements occur when relatively flat bone surfaces move back and forth and from side to side with respect to one another. o In gliding joints there is no significant alteration of the angle between the bones. Which type of joint would be responsible for this movement? Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 62

61 2. ANGULAR MOVEMENTS o Increase or decrease in the angle between articulating bones. Flexion: results in a decrease in the angle between articulating bones; lateral flexion involves the movement of the trunk sideways to the right or left at the waist Extension: results in an increase in the angle between articulating bones Hyperextension: is a continuation of extension beyond the anatomical position; usually prevented by the arrangement of ligaments and the anatomical alignment of bones; in clinical setting this term is used in a pathological sense (super bendy) Which type of joint would be responsible for these movements? Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 63

62 ANGULAR MOVEMENTS EXAMPLES Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 64

63 2. ANGULAR MOVEMENTS Abduction: movement of a bone away from the midline Adduction: movement of a bone toward the midline Circumduction: movement of the distal end of a part of the body in a circle; occurs as a result of a continuous sequence of flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction. Which type of joint would be responsible for this movement? Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 65

64 ANGULAR MOVEMENTS EXAMPLES Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 66

65 ANGULAR MOVEMENTS EXAMPLES Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 67

66 3. ROTATION MOVEMENTS o Bone revolves around its own longitudinal axis Medial rotation: anterior surface of a bone of the limb is turned toward the midline Lateral rotation: anterior surface of a bone of the limb is turned away from the midline Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 68

67 4. SPECIAL MOVEMENTS o Occur only at certain joints. They include: Elevation - upward movement of a part of the body. Depression - downward movement of a part of the body. Protraction - movement of a part of the body anteriorly in the transverse plane. Retraction - movement of a protracted part back to the anatomical position. Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 69

68 4. SPECIAL MOVEMENTS Inversion - movement of the soles medially at the intertarsal joints so that they face away from each other. Eversion - movement of the soles laterally at the intertarsal joints so that they face away from each other. Dorsiflexion - bending of the foot at the ankle in the direction of the superior surface. Plantar flexion - bending of the foot at the ankle in the direction of the plantar surface. Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 70

69 4. SPECIAL MOVEMENTS Supination - movement of the forearm at the proximal and distal radioulnar joints in which the palm is turned anteriorly or superiorly. Pronation - movement of the forearm at the proximal and distal radioulnar joints in which the distal end of the radius crosses over the distal end of the ulna and the palm is turned posteriorly or inferiorly. Opposition - movement of the thumb at the carpometacarpal joint in which the thumb moves across the palm to touch the tips of the finger on the same hand. Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 71

70 Recap of Session 10 Skeletal system is divided into 2 large groups (axial and appendicular) which contribute to different functions of the overall skeletal system Bones are joined (articulated) by joints Joints are classified by their structure (presence or absence of synovial capsule) and function (movement ability) Synovial joints are classified into 5 sub-types and all regulate different types of movement Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 72

71 PREPARATION FOR NEXT SESSION o Review: plasma membrane and endoplasmic reticulum structure and function difference between channels and receptors think about this: can they be both in one protein? regulated exocytosis tissue types Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 73