25 Things To Know. Neurons
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1 25 Things To Know Neurons
2 Neurons receive & transmit to other cells
3 Neurons Many last your whole life
4 Neurons Many last your whole life Other cells die and are replaced Most aren t replaced
5 Neurons Hippocampus neurons CAN re-grow
6 Neurons In General have less neurons as get older
7 Neuron Development
8 Neurons Development create twice as many as need
9 Winnowing just before and after birth
10 Neurons 50,000 cells each second for most of intrauterine life
11 Neural Anatomy
12 Neural Anatomy Soma
13 Neural Anatomy maintains cell life contains nucleus support structures Soma
14 Neural Anatomy only one per neuron cell body Soma
15 Neural Anatomy Looks spotty (Nissl substance) Soma
16 Neural Anatomy Looks spotty (Nissl substance) Chromophil granules Soma
17 Neural Anatomy Chromophil granules In soma & dendrites Not in axons Soma
18 Neural Anatomy Synthesize proteins & regulate metabolism Soma
19 Neural Anatomy Thicker than axon 1 or many Dendrites Soma
20 Neurons Dendrite look like tree roots or ginger attached to the soma
21 Neurons Dendrite receives info from other neurons
22 Branched Bumpy Bulbous
23 Dendritic Spines Stubby
24 Dendritic Spines Stubby Mushroom
25 Dendritic Spines Stubby Mushroom Thin
26 Dendritic Spines Spine head Long skinny neck
27 Dendritic Spines spiny outgrowths adults have fewer children more
28 Dendritic Spines Synapse plasticity Involved how?
29 Dendritic Spines Not in most brain neurons
30 Control which gates open Control how quickly gates open Control how long stay open Control rate thru gate
31 Dendrites Ribosomes Rough texture
32 Dendrites Ribosomes an organelle specialized function
33 Dendrites Ribosomes Protein factory Local use
34 Neural Anatomy In larger neurons Axon Dendrites Hillock Axon Soma
35 Axon Hillock expanded region at initial end of axon connects cell body to the axon
36 Axon Hillock site of summation collection of incoming information Electric charge adds up
37 Axon Hillock site of summation More than threshold causes discharge ACTION POTENTIAL
38 Neural Anatomy Impulse travels down axon Axon Dendrites Hillock Axon Soma Initial Segment
39
40
41 Soma
42
43 Axon Vary in length.1 mm to 1 meter
44 Axon Vary in width Thin About 1 micrometer
45 Axon Can branch at end
46
47 COMPARE Axon Thinner than dendrite Longer than dendrite
48 COMPARE Axon Usually only 1 Output
49 COMPARE Axon Branch at end (not near cell) Smooth surface
50 COMPARE Axon No ribosomones Can have myelin
51 Myelin Insulation
52 Myelin fatty layers coats some axons Myelin sheath
53 Myelin wraps axon type of glial cell
54 Myelin prevents activation of adjacent axons 14 th week of fetal development
55 Myelin Two Types 1. In Brain & Spinal Cord Oligodendrocyte 80% lipid 20% protein
56 Myelin Oligodendrocyte Can cover 50 axons
57 Myelin Two Types 2. Peripheral System Schwann Cells myelinating & nonmyelinating
58 Myelin Schwann Cells 1 axon only Help keep neurons alive Insulate 100 micrometres of axon
59 Myelin Schwann Cells Insulation 100 micrometers long
60 Myelin Schwann Cells 10k per meter Regularly spaced Gaps = Nodes of Ranvier
61 Schwann Cells Spiral around axon 100+ revolutions Looks like log or rolled-up paper
62 Schwann Cells Inner layers are myelin Mostly lipid Outer layers = neurolemma Plasma membrane
63 Conduction Saltatory Conduction Repropagation Node to node 10x faster
64 Nodes of Ranvier Exposes neuron to extracell. fluid
65 Nodes of Ranvier ION FLOW
66 Nodes of Ranvier naked section of myelinated axon
67 Axon Terminals branches at end of axons presynaptic
68 Terminal Buttons Secrete neurotransmitter
69 Neurons Organelles = specialty units Mitochondrion Cellular power plants Generate ATP Power chemical changes
70 Neurons Organelles = specialty units Nucleus contains chromosomes covered by membrane
71 Organelles Nissl Bodies groups of ribosomes protein synthesis
72 Organelles Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) system of tubes
73 Organelles Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) transport materials within cytoplasm
74 Organelles Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) smooth (no ribosomes) rough (ribosomes)
75 Organelles Golgi Apparatus stuff peptides & proteins into vesicles (sack-like cavities)
76 Organelles Microfilaments/Neurotubules transport system within a neuron also used for structural support
77 dendrites soma Golgi apparatus nucleus axon
78 TYPES OF NEURONS
79 Location Peripheral nervous system Sensory neuron detects changes in world detects internal changes sends info to CNS
80 Location Central nervous system Motor neuron controls contraction of a muscle controls secretion of a gland
81 Location Central nervous system Interneuron connects other neurons
82 # of extensions Bipolar Pseudounipolar Multiploar
83 # of extensions Bipolar 1 dendrite, 1 axon Retina and smell
84 Bipolar 2 processes (extensions) Axon Soma Dendrite
85 Pseudounipolar Biploar who lose 1 process Axon Soma
86 Pseudounipolar (transitional name) No dedrites Split Axon Soma Cell to skin PNS Cell to spinal cord CNS
87 Unipolar Sensory Neuron Soma is in spinal cord Touch Receptor To Brain
88 Types of Neurons # of extensions Bipolar Pseudounipolar & Unipolar Multipolar
89 Multipolar 99% of neurons many processes (extensions) only one axon
90 Multipolar spinal motor neurons pyramidal neurons Purkinje cells Soma
91 Purkinje cells can have over 1000 dendrites connect to 10-20k cells in cortex
92 Purkinje cells some of largest neurons in brain stacked one in front of the other look like dominos
93 Types of Neurons Direction they send info Sensory neurons (afferent) from sensory receptors skin, eyes, nose, tongue, ears to central nervous system
94 Direction of info Direction they send info Motor neurons (efferent) from central nervous system to muscles or glands
95 Direction of info Direction they send info Motor neurons (efferent) get info from interneurons directly from sensory neurons in some reflexes
96 Direction of info Interneurons between sensory & motor neurons
97 Interneurons No other neurons around them Don t need dendrites
98 Interneurons Connect to each other Called: intrinsic, association, relay, or local circuit neurons
99 Glial Cells Supporting cells called neuroglia or neural glue supporting cells of CNS
100 6 Types of Glial Cells 1. radial glial Help generate neurons & astrocytes Cables neurons use to find home
101 6 Types of Glial Cells 2. astrocytes surround synapses provide nutrients & raw material
102 6 Types of Glial Cells 2. astrocytes limit neurotransmitters engulf dead cells & form scar tissue = phagocytosis
103 6 Types of Glial Cells 2. astrocytes Regulate chemical composition of extracellular fluid
104 6 Types of Glial Cells 2. astrocytes Star cells
105 6 Types of Glial Cells 2. astrocytes Help neurons: 1) transport nutrients to neurons 2) regulates extracellular space
106 6 Types of Glial Cells 2. astrocytes Help neurons: 3) digest parts of dead neurons 4) clean up brain "debris 5) hold neurons in place
107 6 Types of Glial Cells 1. radial 2. astrocytes 3. oligodendrocytes produce mylein sheath in CNS
108 6 Types of Glial Cells 4. Schwann cells produce myelin sheath in PNS
109 6 Types of Glial Cells 5. microglia smallest glial cells act as if they were phagocytes (Bacterial eating white blood cells)
110 6 Types of Glial Cells 5. microglia protect brain from invading microorganisms
111 6 Types of Glial Cells 6. satellite cells physical support to PNS neurons
112 Biological Psych.com
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