Contents Part I What Is Mental Illness? An Epigenetic Model Genes and Mental Illness How Does Stress Work? The Role of Memes in Epigenesis

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1 Contents Part I What Is Mental Illness? An Epigenetic Model 1 Genes and Mental Illness The Evolution of the Concept of Mental Illness Gene-Environment Interaction and Brain Morphology and Function Gene Environment Interaction: Serotonin Transporter Gene as an Exemplar Emerging Model of Mental Illness: Gene Meme Interaction 7 References How Does Stress Work? The Role of Memes in Epigenesis Stress, Aging, and Disease Stress, Memes, and the Brain Role of Stress and Nurturing in Development: Epigenesis Environment Changes Epigenome Memes and Epigenesis Stress Awakens Dormant Memes Resulting in Mental Illness. 21 References Culture and Mental Illness Culture and Presenting Symptoms Culture-Specific Psychiatric Syndromes Enculturation and Memes Memes for Being Ill References Genetic Memetic Model of Mental Illness Migration and Natural Disasters as Illustrations Migration Natural Disasters References xi

2 xii Contents Part II Evolution and Mental Health: Genes, Memes, Culture, and the Individual 5 What Do We Inherit from Our Parents and Ancestors? Like Parent, Like Child How Does Culture Affect Behavior? Memes and Cultural Change Memeplexes References Genes Human Genes Mendelian Genetics Genes and Mutation Sex-Linked Genes Polygenic Inheritance How Do Genes Work? References Evolution In the Beginning In a Changing, Hostile World The Selfish Gene Wonderful Random Errors Wonderful Invention of Sex Darwin and Natural Selection Somatic Evolution Universal Darwinism References Learning, Imitation, and Memes Evolution of Complex Organisms Trial and Error Learn or Perish Imitation, Shortcut to Learning Coevolution of the Brain and Memes Empathy and Mirror Neuron System Meme Generation and Meme Infection What Is a Meme? References Storage and Evolution of Memes in the Brain Storage of Memes as Memory Implicit Memory Explicit Memory Learned Fear Learning Safety

3 Contents xiii Working Memory Evolution of Memes in the Brain and the Brain Code References External Storage of Memes: Culture, Media, Cyberspace Niche Culture How Memes Jump Brains Communication and Memes Memes as a Paradigm Shift in Evolution and Extraterrestrial Diffusion of Memes Cyberspace and Extracerebral Memes Implication of Liberation of Memes from Brains References Culture and the Individual Culture as Memetic Niches Individual Brain in a Petri Dish of Culture Memes, Culture, and Anthropology Dominant and Nondominant Memes in Cultures, Zeitgeist, Devious Memes Pathologic Memes Memes That Inhibit or Attenuate the Brain s Executive (Ego) Function: Tradition and Prejudice Memes That Are Devious, Entering Under False Pretenses, Then Causing Disease or Destruction Memes that Replicate Virulently, Often Bypassing the Executive Function Memes that Are Virulent Because They Arouse Passion, Bypassing Executive Function Memes that Cause an Indolent Infection, to Become Virulent Later Protective Memes and the Placebo Effect How Memes Come in Under the Radar Spread of Memes Internal Processing of Memes and Consciousness: Thinking as Meme Manipulation Free Will The Unconscious, Collective Unconscious, Freudian Unconscious Selfplex and the Shadow: We Are All Multiple Personalities Transcendence The Individual as a Pawn in the War of Memes References

4 xiv Contents 12 What Is Mental Health? Normality and Health Gene Meme Interaction and Mental Health Neurobiology of Pleasure, Punishment, and Inhibition Mental Health: A Democracy of Memes References What Is Mental Illness? Unhappiness Memes and Mental Illness Culture and Mental Illness Mental Illness and Psychiatric Syndromes References Part III Principles of Diagnosis and Treatment of Mental Illness 14 Psychiatric Diagnosis: Toward a Memetic Epigenetic Multiaxial Model Psychiatric Diagnosis and Problems with DSM What Is Diagnosis? Psychiatric Diagnosis: Dysregulation and Final Common Pathway Syndromes, Resurrection of Neurosis Proposal for a New DSM Scheme Axis I: Memetic/Phenomenological (Neurophysiomemetic) Diagnosis: Psychiatric Syndromes, Symptoms, and Traits, Based on Deviations of Normal Brain Function Axis II: Geno-Neuroscience Diagnosis: Genes (Including Family History of Psychiatric Illness), Brain Morphology, Biochemistry and Pathology, Functional Changes and Conditions Potentially Influencing Axis I Axis III: Medical Diseases and Conditions Axis IV: Stresses: Childhood, Recent, and Current Axis V: Psychosocial Assets and Recent/Current Functioning Axis VI: Biopsychosocial and Epigenetic Formulation An Illustrative Case References Memetic Diagnosis, Memetic Assessment and Biopsychosocial Epigenetic Formulation Memetic Diagnosis Memetic Assessment

5 Contents xv 15.3 Conscious Memes Unconscious Memes Priming Factors and Role Models The Need for New Memetic Diagnostic Tools References Principles of Memetic Therapy Blocking the Entrance and Induction of Pathogenic Memes Treating Memes in the Brain Identifying Pathogenic Memes and Memeplex Components Identifying Capsules and Vehicles Neutralizing Capsules and Vehicles Deconstructing and Suppressing Memes Augmenting Protective Memes Conventional Meme Directed Therapies Need for Novel Therapies References Broad-Spectrum Memetic Therapies What is Broad-Spectrum Meme-Oriented Therapy? Sleep, Sedation, and Electroconvulsive Therapy Relaxation and Meditation Hypnosis Music and Dance Therapy Massage Therapy Exercise Bibliotherapy References Specific Memetic Therapies Psychotherapies as Memetic Therapies Behavior Therapy, Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy (REBT), Interpersonal Therapy (IPT) Psychodynamic Psychotherapy Toward a United, Integrated Memetic Concept of Psychotherapy Need for New Meme-Literate Psychotherapies References Genetic Memetic Prevention Epigenesis in Prevention Early Diagnosis and Treatment of Vulnerable Children Early Protection from Pathogenic Memes Vaccination

6 xvi Contents Part IV 19.5 Education Gene Meme Cooperation vs. Gene Meme Conflict: Mind and Body References Specific Psychiatric Syndromes 20 Overview of Specific Syndromes Introduction Gene Meme Symbiosis and Mental Illness Toward a Dimensional Approach in Identifying and Treating Mental Illness Attention-Cognition Spectrum Syndromes: Delirium, Dementia, Impulse Control Syndromes, ADHD, Antisocial Personality, Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Traits, Obsessive-Compulsive Syndrome Gene Meme Interaction, Evolutionary Adaptation, and Syndromes Global Dysregulation of Meme Processing: Delirium and Dementia Dysregulation of Infrastructure for Meme Processing: Attention-Deficit Disorder (ADHD), Impulse and Aggression Dyscontrol, Antisocial Personality Dysregulation of Meme-Processing Loop: Preoccupations, Obsessions, Compulsions Treatment References Anxiety-Mood Spectrum Syndromes: Anxiety, Panic, Phobias, ASD, PTSD, Borderline Syndrome, Dependent and Avoidant Personalities, Social Phobia, Bipolarity and Mania, Depression Neurotic and Syndromic, Adjustment Disorders Gene Meme Interaction, Evolutionary Adaptation, and Syndromes Anxiety Panic Syndrome and Agoraphobia Specific Phobias Acute Stress and Posttraumatic Stress Syndromes Borderline Syndrome and Traits Dependent Personality Traits and Syndrome Avoidant Personality Traits and Syndrome, Social Phobia

7 Contents xvii Bipolarity and Mania Depression Neurotic and Major Depressive Syndrome Adjustment Disorders Treatment Prevention Mild Symptoms (Problems of Living and Adjustment Reactions) Neurosis Major Syndromes References Reality Perception Spectrum Syndromes (Imagination, Dissociation, Conversion, Somatoform, Misattribution Somatization, Psychosis) Gene Meme Interaction and Evolutionary Adaptation Imagination and Dreaming Dissociation Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID, Multiple Personality) Misattribution Syndromes: Conversion, Somatization, Hypochondriasis, Chronic Pain (Somatoform Disorders) Psychosis Schizophrenia Treatment Mild Dissociative Symptoms, Dissociation in Borderline Syndrome, PTSD Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID, Multiple Personality Syndrome) Misattribution Syndromes: Conversion, Somatization, Hypochondriasis, Chronic Pain, Fibromyalgia, etc Psychosis and Schizophrenia References Pleasure Spectrum Syndromes (Substance Use/Abuse, Addictions to Substances and Beliefs, Fanaticism) Gene Meme Interaction, Evolutionary Adaptation, and Syndromes Substance Use/Abuse Addictions to Substances and Beliefs, Fanaticism Treatment References

8 xviii Contents 25 Primary Memetic Syndromes: Eating Disorders, Factitious Disorders, Malingering, Meme-Directed Destructive Behaviors Gene Meme Interaction, Evolutionary Adaptation, and Syndromes Eating Disorders Destructive Meme Infections and Epidemics: Mass Hysteria, Factitious Illness, Suicide, Suicide Bombing, Aggression Irrational Beliefs and Delusions Treatment References Challenges for the Future Genes and Memes How to Achieve a Peaceful Coexistence Need for New Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approaches and Tools Testable Hypotheses of Gene Meme Environment Interaction Memes, Social Sciences, and Neuroscience Ethical Considerations Post-human Evolution of Memes Index

Contents Part I What Is Mental Illness? An Epigenetic Model Genes and Mental Illness How Does Stress Work? The Role of Memes in Epigenesis

Contents Part I What Is Mental Illness? An Epigenetic Model 1 Genes and Mental Illness... 3 1.1 The Evolution of the Concept of Mental Illness... 3 1.2 Gene-Environment Interaction and Brain Morphology