CHAPTER 7 10/16/2012. How cells release Chemical Energy

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "CHAPTER 7 10/16/2012. How cells release Chemical Energy"

Transcription

1 CHAPTER 7 10/16/2012 How cells release Chemical Energy 1

2 7.1 OVERVIEW OF CARBOHYDRATE BREAKDOWN PATHWAYS Organisms stay alive by taking in energy. Plants and all other photosynthetic autotrophs get energy from the sun. Hetrotrophs get energy by eating plants and one another. Regardless of its source, the energy must be in a form that can drive thousands of diverse lifesustaining reactions. Energy that becomes converted into chemical bond energy of adenosine tri-phosphate- ATP serves that function. 2

3 COMPARISION OF THE MAIN PATHWAYS 10/16/2012 The first metabolic pathways were operating billions of years before earth have an oxygen-rich atmosphere (anaerobic). Fermentation pathways is an example of anaerobic pathway that produce ATP. Fig.7.2 However, the cells of nearly all species extract energy efficiently from glucose by way of aerobic respiration, an oxygen-dependent pathway. Each breath you take provides your actively respiring cells with a fresh supply of oxygen. 3

4 In all cells, all of the main energy-releasing pathways start with the same reactions in the cytoplasm. During the initial reactions, glycolysis, enzymes cleave and rearrange a glucose molecule into two molecules of pyruvate, an organic compound that has a three-carbon backbone. 4

5 OVERVIEW OF AEROBIC RESPIRATION Of all energy-releasing pathways, aerobic respiration gets the most ATP for each glucose molecule. Whereas anaerobic routes have a net yield of two ATP. Aerobic respiration typically yields thirty six or more ATP. If you were a bacterium, you would not require much ATP. Being far larger, more complex, and highly active, you depend on the aerobic pathway s high yield. When a molecule of glucose is used as the starting material, aerobic respiration can be summarized this way: C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + 36 ATP Glucose Oxygen Carbon Dioxide Water Energy 5

6 OVERVIEW OF AEROBIC RESPIRATION/CONT. 6

7 7.2 GLYCOLYSIS-GLUCOSE BREAKDOWN STARTS First Stage: Glycolysis 10/16/2012 Any of several six-carbon sugars can be broken down in glycolysis. Each molecule of glucose, has six carbon, twelve hydrogen, and six oxygen atoms. During glycolysis, this one molecule is partly broken down to two molecules of pyruvate, a three-carbon compound: Glucose P-glucose 2 pyruvate 7

8 GLYCOLYSIS The initial steps of glycolysis are energy-requiring, and that energy is delivered by ATP. One ATP molecule activates glucose by transferring a phosphate group to it. Then another ATP transfers a phosphate group to the intermediate that forms. Thus, it takes an energy investment of two ATP to start glycolysis (Figure 7.4).

9 Glycolysis 10/16/2012 9

10 7.3 SECOND STAGE OF AEROBIC RESPIRATION ACETYL-CoA FORMATION Start with Figure 7.5, which shows the structure of a typical mitochondrian.

11 SECOND STAGE OF AEROBIC RESPIRATION Figure 7.5 zooms in on part of the interior where the second-stage reactions occur. At the start of these reactions, enzyme action strips one carbon atom from each pyruvate and attaches it to oxygen, forming CO 2. Each two-carbon fragment combines with a coenzyme (designated A) and forms acetyl-coa, a type of cofactor that can get the Krebs cycle going. The initial breakdown of each pyruvat also yields one NADH (Figure 7.5).

12 THE KREBS CYCLE The two acetyl-coa molecules enter the krebs cycle separately. Each transfers its two-carbon acetyl group to four-carbon oxaloacetate. Incidentally, this cyclic pathway is also called the citric acid cycle, after the first intermediate that forms (citric acid, or citrate). 12

13 THE KREBS CYCLE

14 Abnormal structure, altered function: Pyruvate dehydrogenase speed the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-coa. Mutation that change structure of the enzyme, usually destroy it function. When this enzyme is mutated, citrate cannot form during Krebs cycle. This correlated with sever disorders such as Alzheimer disease, Parkinson s disease and certain cancers. 14

15 7.4 AEROBIC RESPIRATION S BIG ENERGY PAYOFF ELECTRON TRANSFER PHOSPHORYLATION The third stage starts as coenzymes donate electrons to electron transfer chains that are located in the inner mitochondrial membrane (Figure 7.7). The flow of electrons through the chains drives the attachment of phosphate to ADP molecules. Hence the name electron transfer phosphorylation. When electrons flow through transfer chains, they give up energy bit by bit, in usable parcels, to substances that can briefly store it. 15

16 Electron transfer chain 16

17 The two NADH that formed in the cytoplasm (by glycolysis) can t reach the ATP-producing machinery directly. They give up their electrons and hydrogen to transport proteins, which shuttle them into the inner compartment. There, NAD+or FAD inside pick them up. Eight NADH and two FADH2 from the second stage are already inside. 17

18 SUMMING UP: THE ENERGY HARVEST

19 7.5 ANAEROBIC ENERGY-RELEASING PATHWAYS Fermentation Pathways Glycolysis is the first stage of fermentation, as it is in aerobic respiration. Here, too, pyruvate and NADH from, and the net energy yield is two ATP. But fermentation reactions cannot completely degrade glucose (to carbon dioxide and water). They produce no more ATP beyond the small yield from glycolysis. The final steps simply regenerate NAD+, the coenzyme that is essential for the breakdown reactions. The regeneration allows glycolysis reactions to continue production of small amounts of ATP in the absence of oxygen. 19

20 ALCOHO FERMENTATION In alcoholic fermentation, the three-carbon backbone of the two pyruvate molecules glycolysis is split. The reactions result in two molecules of acetaldehyde (an intermediate having a two carbon backbone), and two of carbon dioxide. Next, the acetaldehydes accept electrons and hydrogen from NADH, thus becoming an alcohol product called ethanol (Figure 7.9a). 20

21 ALCOHO FERMENTATION

22 FERMENTATION 22

23 LACTATE FERMENTATION In lactate fermentation, NADH gives up electrons and hydrogen to two pyruvate molecules from glycolysis. The transfer converts each pyruvate to lactate, a threecarbon compound (Figure 7.9b). You ve probably heard of lactic acid, the non-ionized form of this compound, but lactate is by far the most common form inside living cells, which is our focus here. Lactobacillus and some other bacteria use lactate fermentation. Lactate fermentation as well as aerobic respiration yields ATP for muscles that are partnered with bones. 23

24 7.6 THE TWITCHERS Skeletal muscles, which move bones, consist of cells fused as long fibers. The fibers differ in how they make ATP. Slow-twitch muscle fibers have many mitochondria and produce ATP by aerobic respiration. They dominate during prolonged activity, such as long runs. Slow-twitch fibers are red because they have an abundance of myoglobin., a pigment related to hemoglobin, myoglobin store oxygen in muscle tissue. Fast-twitch muscle fibers have few mitochondria and no myoglobin; they are pale. The ATP they make by lactate fermentation sustain only short bursts of activity, such as weight lifting. Fig

25 ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES IN THE BODY THE FATE OF GLUCOSE AT MEALTIME AND IN BETWEEN MEALS What happens to glucose at mealtime? While you and all other mammals are eating, glucose and other small organic molecules are being absorbed across the gut lining, and your blood is transporting them through the body. The rising glucose concentration in blood prompts an organ, the Pancrease, to secret insulin. This hormone make cells take up glucose faster. 25

26 Cells trap the incoming glucose by converting it to glucose-6-phosphate. This is the first intermediate of glycolysis, formed by a phosphate group transfer from ATP. Phosphorylated glucose can t be transported out of the cell. When glucose intake exceeds cellular demands for energy, the body s ATP-producing machinery goes into high gear. Unless a cell is using ATP rapidly, the ATP concentration in cytoplasm rises, and glucose-6- phosphate is diverted into a biosynthesis pathway. 26

27 Disposition of Organic Compounds 27

28 THE FATE OF GLUCOSE AT MEALTIME AND IN BETWEEN MEALS

29 ENERGY FROM FATS How does a human body access its far reservoir? A fat molecule, recall, has a glycerol head and one, two, or three fatty acid tails. The body stores most fats as triglycerides, with three tails each. Triglycerides build up inside of the fat cells of adisope tissue. This tissue is strategically located under the skin of buttocks and other body region. When the blood glucose level falls, triglycerides are tapped as an energy alternative. Enzymes in fat cells cleave bonds between glycerol and fatty acids, which both enter the blood. Enzymes in the liver convert the glycerol to PGAL. 29

30 ENERGY FROM PROTEINS Some enzymes in your digestive system split dietary protein into their amino acid subunits, which are then absorbed into the bloodstream. Cells use amino acid subunits, which are then absorbed into the bloodstream. Cells use amino acids to build other proteins or nitrogencontaining compounds. 30

31 7.8 REFLECTIONS ON LIFE S UNITY 31

How Cells Release Chemical Energy. Chapter 7

How Cells Release Chemical Energy. Chapter 7 How Cells Release Chemical Energy Chapter 7 7.1 Overview of Carbohydrate Breakdown Pathways All organisms (including photoautotrophs) convert chemical energy of organic compounds to chemical energy of

More information

How Cells Release Chemical Energy. Chapter 8

How Cells Release Chemical Energy. Chapter 8 How Cells Release Chemical Energy Chapter 8 Impacts, Issues: When Mitochondria Spin Their Wheels More than forty disorders related to defective mitochondria are known (such as Friedreich s ataxia); many

More information

How Did Energy-Releasing Pathways Evolve? (cont d.)

How Did Energy-Releasing Pathways Evolve? (cont d.) How Did Energy-Releasing Pathways Evolve? (cont d.) 7.1 How Do Cells Access the Chemical Energy in Sugars? In order to use the energy stored in sugars, cells must first transfer it to ATP The energy transfer

More information

Chapter 7 How Cells Release Chemical Energy

Chapter 7 How Cells Release Chemical Energy Chapter 7 How Cells Release Chemical Energy 7.1 Mighty Mitochondria More than forty disorders related to defective mitochondria are known (such as Friedreich s ataxia); many of those afflicted die young

More information

Table of Contents. Section 1 Glycolysis and Fermentation. Section 2 Aerobic Respiration

Table of Contents. Section 1 Glycolysis and Fermentation. Section 2 Aerobic Respiration Table of Contents Section 1 Glycolysis and Fermentation Section 2 Aerobic Respiration Objectives Identify the two major steps of cellular respiration. Describe the major events in glycolysis. Compare lactic

More information

How Cells Release Chemical Energy Cellular Respiration

How Cells Release Chemical Energy Cellular Respiration How Cells Release Chemical Energy Cellular Respiration Overview of Cellular Respiration HO double membrane outer membrane inner membrane CO matrix Produces molecules Requires oxygen Releases carbon dioxide

More information

Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy CHAPTER 9

Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy CHAPTER 9 Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy CHAPTER 9 9.1 Metabolic pathways that release energy are exergonic and considered catabolic pathways. Fermentation: partial degradation of sugars that occurs

More information

Respiration. Respiration. How Cells Harvest Energy. Chapter 7

Respiration. Respiration. How Cells Harvest Energy. Chapter 7 How Cells Harvest Energy Chapter 7 Respiration Organisms can be classified based on how they obtain energy: autotrophs: are able to produce their own organic molecules through photosynthesis heterotrophs:

More information

How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy

How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy Chapter 6 Introduction: How Is a Marathoner Different from a Sprinter? Individuals inherit various percentages of the two main types of muscle fibers, slow and fast The

More information

AP BIOLOGY Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration =

AP BIOLOGY Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration = 1 AP BIOLOGY Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration = Day 1 p. I. Overview A. Cellular Respiration 1. Respiration breathing, exchange of O 2 for CO 2 2. Cellular respiration aerobic harvesting of energy from food

More information

g) Cellular Respiration Higher Human Biology

g) Cellular Respiration Higher Human Biology g) Cellular Respiration Higher Human Biology What can you remember about respiration? 1. What is respiration? 2. What are the raw materials? 3. What are the products? 4. Where does it occur? 5. Why does

More information

Releasing Chemical Energy

Releasing Chemical Energy Releasing Chemical Energy Ø Energy From Carbohydrates Ø Aerobic Respiration/ Stages Ø Fermentation Ø Food as a Source of Energy How Do Cells Access the Chemical Energy in Carbohydrayes? Aerobic Respiration

More information

How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy

How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy Global Athlete Outreach Program US CytoThesis Systems Medicine Center www.cytothesis.us US OncoTherapy Systems BioMedicine Group CytoThesis Bioengineering Research Group

More information

Releasing Food Energy

Releasing Food Energy Releasing Food Energy All food is broken down by the body into small molecules through digestion. By the time food reaches your, bloodstream it has been broken down into nutrient rich molecules that can

More information

Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration

Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration To perform their many tasks, living cells require energy from outside sources. Energy stored in food utimately comes from the sun. Photosynthesis makes the raw materials

More information

Concept 9.1: Catabolic pathways yield energy by oxidizing organic fuels Several processes are central to cellular respiration and related pathways

Concept 9.1: Catabolic pathways yield energy by oxidizing organic fuels Several processes are central to cellular respiration and related pathways Overview: Life Is Work Living cells require energy from outside sources Some animals, such as the chimpanzee, obtain energy by eating plants, and some animals feed on other organisms that eat plants Energy

More information

Cellular Metabolism 6/20/2015. Metabolism. Summary of Cellular Respiration. Consists of all the chemical reactions that take place in a cell!

Cellular Metabolism 6/20/2015. Metabolism. Summary of Cellular Respiration. Consists of all the chemical reactions that take place in a cell! Cellular Metabolism Biology 105 Lecture 6 Chapter 3 (pages 56-61) Metabolism Consists of all the chemical reactions that take place in a cell! Cellular metabolism: Aerobic cellular respiration requires

More information

Introduction. Living is work. To perform their many tasks, cells must bring in energy from outside sources.

Introduction. Living is work. To perform their many tasks, cells must bring in energy from outside sources. Introduction Living is work. To perform their many tasks, cells must bring in energy from outside sources. In most ecosystems, energy enters as sunlight. Light energy trapped in organic molecules is available

More information

2/4/17. Cellular Metabolism. Metabolism. Cellular Metabolism. Consists of all of the chemical reactions that take place in a cell.

2/4/17. Cellular Metabolism. Metabolism. Cellular Metabolism. Consists of all of the chemical reactions that take place in a cell. Metabolism Cellular Metabolism Consists of all of the chemical reactions that take place in a cell. Can be reactions that break things down. (Catabolism) Or reactions that build things up. (Anabolism)

More information

Ch. 9 Cell Respiration. Title: Oct 15 3:24 PM (1 of 53)

Ch. 9 Cell Respiration. Title: Oct 15 3:24 PM (1 of 53) Ch. 9 Cell Respiration Title: Oct 15 3:24 PM (1 of 53) Essential question: How do cells use stored chemical energy in organic molecules and to generate ATP? Title: Oct 15 3:28 PM (2 of 53) Title: Oct 19

More information

Respiration. Respiration. Respiration. How Cells Harvest Energy. Chapter 7

Respiration. Respiration. Respiration. How Cells Harvest Energy. Chapter 7 How Cells Harvest Energy Chapter 7 Organisms can be classified based on how they obtain energy: autotrophs: are able to produce their own organic molecules through photosynthesis heterotrophs: live on

More information

Cellular Metabolism 9/24/2013. Metabolism. Cellular Metabolism. Consists of all the chemical reactions that take place in a cell!

Cellular Metabolism 9/24/2013. Metabolism. Cellular Metabolism. Consists of all the chemical reactions that take place in a cell! Cellular Metabolism Biology 105 Lecture 6 Chapter 3 (pages 56-61) Metabolism Consists of all the chemical reactions that take place in a cell! Cellular Metabolism Aerobic cellular respiration requires

More information

3.7 CELLULAR RESPIRATION. How are these two images related?

3.7 CELLULAR RESPIRATION. How are these two images related? 3.7 CELLULAR RESPIRATION How are these two images related? CELLULAR RESPIRATION Cellular respiration is the process whereby the body converts the energy that we get from food (glucose) into an energy form

More information

Metabolism. Chapter 5. Catabolism Drives Anabolism 8/29/11. Complete Catabolism of Glucose

Metabolism. Chapter 5. Catabolism Drives Anabolism 8/29/11. Complete Catabolism of Glucose 8/29/11 Metabolism Chapter 5 All of the reactions in the body that require energy transfer. Can be divided into: Cell Respiration and Metabolism Anabolism: requires the input of energy to synthesize large

More information

Cellular Metabolism. Biology 105 Lecture 6 Chapter 3 (pages 56-61)

Cellular Metabolism. Biology 105 Lecture 6 Chapter 3 (pages 56-61) Cellular Metabolism Biology 105 Lecture 6 Chapter 3 (pages 56-61) Metabolism Consists of all the chemical reactions that take place in a cell! Cellular Metabolism Aerobic cellular respiration requires

More information

Cellular Respiration Notes. Biology - Mrs. Kaye

Cellular Respiration Notes. Biology - Mrs. Kaye Cellular Respiration Notes Biology - Mrs. Kaye Energy Transfer In cellular respiration, chemical energy is converted into usable energy which is converted into heat energy. ATP and ADP ATP acts as an energy

More information

Cellular Metabolism. Biol 105 Lecture 6 Read Chapter 3 (pages 63 69)

Cellular Metabolism. Biol 105 Lecture 6 Read Chapter 3 (pages 63 69) Cellular Metabolism Biol 105 Lecture 6 Read Chapter 3 (pages 63 69) Metabolism Consists of all of the chemical reactions that take place in a cell Metabolism Animation Breaking Down Glucose For Energy

More information

Cellular Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy. Cellular Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy. Cellular Pathways In General

Cellular Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy. Cellular Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy. Cellular Pathways In General Cellular Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy A. Obtaining Energy and Electrons from Glucose Lecture Series 12 Cellular Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy B. An Overview: Releasing Energy from Glucose

More information

Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration

Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration Biology and Society: Marathoners versus Sprinters Sprinters do not usually compete at short and long distances. Natural differences in the muscles of these athletes favor

More information

Cellular Respiration. How our body makes ATP, ENERGY!!

Cellular Respiration. How our body makes ATP, ENERGY!! Cellular Respiration How our body makes ATP, ENERGY!! Useable Energy Adenosine Tri-Phosphate (ATP) Adenosine Ribose Sugar 3 Phosphates November 27, 2017 November 27, 2017 Where do our cells get energy?

More information

7 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

7 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS URRY CAIN WASSERMAN MINORSKY REECE 7 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Lecture Presentations by Kathleen Fitzpatrick and Nicole Tunbridge, Simon Fraser University SECOND EDITION

More information

How Cells Harvest Energy. Chapter 7. Respiration

How Cells Harvest Energy. Chapter 7. Respiration How Cells Harvest Energy Chapter 7 Respiration Organisms classified on how they obtain energy: autotrophs: produce their own organic molecules through photosynthesis heterotrophs: live on organic compounds

More information

Harvesting Energy: Glycolysis and Cellular Respiration

Harvesting Energy: Glycolysis and Cellular Respiration Lesson 5 Harvesting Energy: Glycolysis and Cellular Respiration Introduction to Life Processes - SCI 102 1 How Cells Obtain Energy Cells require a constant flow of energy Most cellular energy is stored

More information

HOW CELLS RELEASE CHEMICAL ENERGY

HOW CELLS RELEASE CHEMICAL ENERGY 8 HOW CELLS RELEASE CHEMICAL ENERGY INTRODUCTION Chapter 8 looks at the various ways that cells can extract energy from food. Both aerobic and anaerobic mechanisms are covered, but a major emphasis of

More information

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation LECTURE PRESENTATIONS For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

More information

Cellular Respiration

Cellular Respiration Cellular I can describe cellular respiration Cellular respiration is a series of metabolic pathways releasing energy from a foodstuff e.g. glucose. This yields energy in the form of ATP adenosine P i P

More information

Unit 2: Metabolic Processes

Unit 2: Metabolic Processes How is energy obtained biologically? Recall: Red Ox Reactions Unit 2: Metabolic Processes Oxidation Is the chief mechanism by which chemical potential energy is released This energy comes from reduced

More information

Biochemistry 7/11/ Bio-Energetics & ATP. 5.1) ADP, ATP and Cellular Respiration OVERVIEW OF ENERGY AND METABOLISM

Biochemistry 7/11/ Bio-Energetics & ATP. 5.1) ADP, ATP and Cellular Respiration OVERVIEW OF ENERGY AND METABOLISM Biochemistry 5. Bio-Energetics & ATP 5.1) ADP, ATP and Cellular Respiration Prof. Dr. Klaus Heese OVERVIEW OF ENERGY AND METABOLISM 1. The food we eat, (carbohydrates/ glucose /sugar, lipids/fat, proteins),

More information

Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration Overview: Life Is Work Living cells require energy from outside sources

Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration Overview: Life Is Work Living cells require energy from outside sources Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration Overview: Life Is Work Living cells require energy from outside sources Some animals, such as the giant panda, obtain energy by eating plants, and some animals feed on other

More information

Cell Respiration - 1

Cell Respiration - 1 Cell Respiration - 1 All cells must do work to stay alive and maintain their cellular environment. The energy needed for cell work comes from the bonds of ATP. Cells obtain their ATP by oxidizing organic

More information

Chapter 9 Notes. Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Chapter 9 Notes. Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Chapter 9 Notes Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Objectives Distinguish between fermentation and anaerobic respiration. Name the three stages of cellular respiration and state the region of the cell

More information

Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation*

Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation* Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation* *Lecture notes are to be used as a study guide only and do not represent the comprehensive information you will need to know for the exams. Life Is Work

More information

Cellular Respiration. The process by which cells harvest the energy stored in food

Cellular Respiration. The process by which cells harvest the energy stored in food Cellular Respiration The process by which cells harvest the energy stored in food 1 SAVING FOR A Rainy Day Suppose you earned extra money by having a part-time job. At first, you might be tempted to spend

More information

What is Respiration? The process of respiration is where organisms convert chemical energy into cellular energy, which is known as ATP. Adenine Ribose P P P Cellular Respiration high energy sugar low energy

More information

Cellular Respiration. Unit 5: Plants, Photosynthesis, and Cellular Respiration

Cellular Respiration. Unit 5: Plants, Photosynthesis, and Cellular Respiration Cellular Respiration Unit 5: Plants, Photosynthesis, and Cellular Respiration Overview! Organisms obtain energy (ATP) by breaking down (catabolic pathway, exergonic reaction) organic molecules (glucose)

More information

OVERVIEW OF ENERGY AND METABOLISM

OVERVIEW OF ENERGY AND METABOLISM Biochemistry 5. Bio-Energetics & ATP 5.1) ADP, ATP and Cellular Respiration OVERVIEW OF ENERGY AND METABOLISM 1. The food we eat, (carbohydrates/ glucose /sugar, lipids/fat, proteins), are our only source

More information

Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy

Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy You should be able to: 1. Explain how redox reactions are involved in energy exchanges. Name and describe the three stages of cellular respiration;

More information

Cellular Respiration

Cellular Respiration Cellular Respiration Cellular respiration is the process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen In biology and chemistry, energy is referred to

More information

CELLULAR RESPIRATION. Chapter 7

CELLULAR RESPIRATION. Chapter 7 CELLULAR RESPIRATION Chapter 7 7.1 GLYCOLYSIS AND FERMENTATION If I have a $10.00 bill and a $10.00 check, which is better? ATP is like cash in the cell Glucose, NADH, FADH2 are like checks in a cell.

More information

Cellular Respiration Part V: Oxidative Phosphorylation

Cellular Respiration Part V: Oxidative Phosphorylation Cellular Respiration Part V: Oxidative Phosphorylation Figure 9.16 Electron shuttles span membrane 2 NADH or 2 FADH 2 MITOCHONDRION 2 NADH 2 NADH 6 NADH 2 FADH 2 Glucose Glycolysis 2 Pyruvate Pyruvate

More information

Harvesting energy: photosynthesis & cellular respiration

Harvesting energy: photosynthesis & cellular respiration Harvesting energy: photosynthesis & cellular respiration Learning Objectives Know the relationship between photosynthesis & cellular respiration Know the formulae of the chemical reactions for photosynthesis

More information

Chapter 6. How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy. Lecture by Richard L. Myers

Chapter 6. How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy. Lecture by Richard L. Myers Chapter 6 How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy oweroint Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections, Sixth Edition Campbell, Reece, Taylor, Simon, and Dickey Copyright 2009 earson Education, Inc. Lecture

More information

Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration

Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration Breaking down glucose a little at a time.. It s like turning a five pound bag of sugar into several tiny sugar packets worth of energy in the form of ATP. Remember the carbon

More information

AEROBIC RESPIRATION. Chapter 8

AEROBIC RESPIRATION. Chapter 8 AEROBIC RESPIRATION Chapter 8 AEROBIC RESPIRATION Aerobic respiration is the next step after Glycolysis if the cell can obtain oxygen. We won t need it until the last step but we still need it. Remember

More information

Chapter 6 Cellular Respiration: Obtaining Energy from Food

Chapter 6 Cellular Respiration: Obtaining Energy from Food Chapter 6 Cellular Respiration: Obtaining Energy from Food PowerPoint Lectures for Campbell Essential Biology, Fifth Edition, and Campbell Essential Biology with Physiology, Fourth Edition Eric J. Simon,

More information

Cellular Respiration: Obtaining Energy from Food

Cellular Respiration: Obtaining Energy from Food Chapter 6 Cellular Respiration: Obtaining Energy from Food PowerPoint Lectures for Campbell Essential Biology, Fourth Edition Eric Simon, Jane Reece, and Jean Dickey Campbell Essential Biology with Physiology,

More information

Cellular Respiration

Cellular Respiration Cellular Respiration C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 -----> 6CO 2 + 6H 2 0 + energy (heat and ATP) 1. Energy Capacity to move or change matter Forms of energy are important to life include Chemical, radiant (heat

More information

Chapter Seven (Cellular Respiration)

Chapter Seven (Cellular Respiration) Chapter Seven (Cellular Respiration) 1 SECTION ONE: GLYCOLYSIS AND FERMENTATION HARVESTING CHEMICAL ENERGY Cellular respiration is the process in which cells make adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by breaking

More information

Chapter 6 Cellular Respiration: Obtaining Energy from Food

Chapter 6 Cellular Respiration: Obtaining Energy from Food Chapter 6 Cellular Respiration: Obtaining Energy from Food PowerPoint Lectures for Campbell Essential Biology, Fifth Edition, and Campbell Essential Biology with Physiology, Fourth Edition Eric J. Simon,

More information

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. Which of the following statements concerning anabolic reactions is FALSE? A. They are generally endergonic. B. They usually require ATP. C. They are part of metabolism. D.

More information

Cellular Respiration

Cellular Respiration Cellular Respiration Chemical Equation 6 O 2 + C 6 H 12 O 6 6 H 2 O + 6 CO 2 + Page 107 Adenosine Triphosphate Adenosine Diphosphate Background Aerobic= requires oxygen Anaerobic= does not require oxygen

More information

Cellular Respiration: Obtaining Energy from Food

Cellular Respiration: Obtaining Energy from Food Chapter 6 Cellular Respiration: Obtaining Energy from Food Lectures by Chris C. Romero, updated by Edward J. Zalisko PowerPoint Lectures for Campbell Essential Biology, Fourth Edition Eric Simon, Jane

More information

I. ATP: Energy In A Molecule

I. ATP: Energy In A Molecule I. ATP: Energy In A Molecule All food is broken down by the body into small molecules through digestion By the time food reaches your bloodstream, it has been broken down into nutrient molecules that can

More information

3.7.1 Define cell respiration [Cell respiration is the controlled release of energy from organic compounds in cells to form ATP]

3.7.1 Define cell respiration [Cell respiration is the controlled release of energy from organic compounds in cells to form ATP] 3.7 Cell respiration ( Chapter 9 in Campbell's book) 3.7.1 Define cell respiration [Cell respiration is the controlled release of energy from organic compounds in cells to form ATP] Organic compounds store

More information

ADP, ATP and Cellular Respiration

ADP, ATP and Cellular Respiration ADP, ATP and Cellular Respiration What Is ATP? Energy used by all Cells Adenosine Triphosphate Organic molecule containing highenergy Phosphate bonds Chemical Structure of ATP Adenine Base 3 Phosphates

More information

Biology 30 Structure & Function of Cells (Part 2) Bioenergetics: Energy: Potential energy: Examples: Kinetic energy. Examples:

Biology 30 Structure & Function of Cells (Part 2) Bioenergetics: Energy: Potential energy: Examples: Kinetic energy. Examples: Biology 30 Structure & Function of Cells (Part 2) Bioenergetics: Energy: Potential energy: Examples: Kinetic energy Examples: Energy can be transformed: Thermodynamics: First law of Thermodynamics: Second

More information

General Biology 1004 Chapter 6 Lecture Handout, Summer 2005 Dr. Frisby

General Biology 1004 Chapter 6 Lecture Handout, Summer 2005 Dr. Frisby Slide 1 CHAPTER 6 Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy PowerPoint Lecture Slides for Essential Biology, Second Edition & Essential Biology with Physiology Presentation prepared by Chris C.

More information

1st half of glycolysis (5 reactions) Glucose priming get glucose ready to split phosphorylate glucose rearrangement split destabilized glucose

1st half of glycolysis (5 reactions) Glucose priming get glucose ready to split phosphorylate glucose rearrangement split destabilized glucose Warm- Up Objective: Describe the role of in coupling the cell's anabolic and catabolic processes. Warm-up: What cellular processes produces the carbon dioxide that you exhale? 1st half of glycolysis (5

More information

What s the point? The point is to make ATP! ATP

What s the point? The point is to make ATP! ATP ATP Chapter 8 What s the point? The point is to make ATP! ATP Flows into an ecosystem as sunlight and leaves as heat Energy is stored in organic compounds Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins Heterotrophs eat

More information

Chapter 6 Cellular Respiration: Obtaining Energy from Food

Chapter 6 Cellular Respiration: Obtaining Energy from Food Chapter 6 Cellular Respiration: Obtaining Energy from Food PowerPoint Lectures for Campbell Essential Biology, Fifth Edition, and Campbell Essential Biology with Physiology, Fourth Edition Eric J. Simon,

More information

Name Class Date. 1. Cellular respiration is the process by which the of "food"

Name Class Date. 1. Cellular respiration is the process by which the of food Name Class Date Cell Respiration Introduction Cellular respiration is the process by which the chemical energy of "food" molecules is released and partially captured in the form of ATP. Carbohydrates,

More information

Cellular Respiration: Obtaining Energy from Food

Cellular Respiration: Obtaining Energy from Food Chapter 6 Cellular Respiration: Obtaining Energy from Food Lectures by Chris C. Romero, updated by Edward J. Zalisko PowerPoint Lectures for Campbell Essential Biology, Fourth Edition Eric Simon, Jane

More information

Structure of the Mitochondrion. Cell Respiration. Cellular Respiration. Catabolic Pathways. Photosynthesis vs. Cell Respiration ATP 10/14/2014

Structure of the Mitochondrion. Cell Respiration. Cellular Respiration. Catabolic Pathways. Photosynthesis vs. Cell Respiration ATP 10/14/2014 Structure of the Mitochondrion Cellular Respiration Chapter 9 Pgs. 163 183 Enclosed by a double membrane Outer membrane is smooth Inner, or cristae, membrane is folded - this divides the mitochondrion

More information

Harvesting energy: photosynthesis & cellular respiration part 1I

Harvesting energy: photosynthesis & cellular respiration part 1I Harvesting energy: photosynthesis & cellular respiration part 1I Agenda I. Overview (Big Pictures) of Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration II. Making Glucose - Photosynthesis III. Making ATP - Cellular

More information

BIOLOGY 101. CHAPTER 9: Cellular Respiration - Fermentation: Life is Work

BIOLOGY 101. CHAPTER 9: Cellular Respiration - Fermentation: Life is Work BIOLOGY 101 CHAPTER 9: Cellular Respiration - Fermentation: Life is Work An Introduction to Metabolism: Energy of Life 8.3 ATP powers cellular work by coupling exergonic reactions to endergonic reactions

More information

Cellular Respiration

Cellular Respiration Cellular Respiration 1. To perform cell work, cells require energy. a. A cell does three main kinds of work: i. Mechanical work, such as the beating of cilia, contraction of muscle cells, and movement

More information

Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy

Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy AP Biology Reading Guide Name: Date: Period Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy Overview: Before getting involved with the details of cellular respiration and photosynthesis, take

More information

Complete breakdown of Glucose: + Light + 6 H 2 O = C 6 H 12 O 6 6 CO O 2. + Energy = 6 CO 2 C 6 H 12 O 6. What is Glucose Metabolism?

Complete breakdown of Glucose: + Light + 6 H 2 O = C 6 H 12 O 6 6 CO O 2. + Energy = 6 CO 2 C 6 H 12 O 6. What is Glucose Metabolism? Chapter 8: Harvesting Energy: Glycolysis and Cellular Respiration What is Metabolism? Answer: The breakdown of glucose to release energy from its chemical bonds Photosynthesis: 6 CO 2 Carbon Dioxide +

More information

Higher Biology. Unit 2: Metabolism and Survival Topic 2: Respiration. Page 1 of 25

Higher Biology. Unit 2: Metabolism and Survival Topic 2: Respiration. Page 1 of 25 Higher Biology Unit 2: Metabolism and Survival Topic 2: Respiration Page 1 of 25 Sub Topic: Respiration I can state that: All living cells carry out respiration. ATP is the energy currency of the cell

More information

Chemical Energy. Valencia College

Chemical Energy. Valencia College 9 Pathways that Harvest Chemical Energy Valencia College 9 Pathways that Harvest Chemical Energy Chapter objectives: How Does Glucose Oxidation Release Chemical Energy? What Are the Aerobic Pathways of

More information

Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy

Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with

More information

Cellular Respiration Let s get energized!

Cellular Respiration Let s get energized! Copyrighted by Amy Brown Science Stuff Cellular Respiration Let s get energized! Amy Brown Science Food provides living things with the: chemical building blocks they need to grow and reproduce. Food serves

More information

Reading Assignments. A. Energy and Energy Conversions. Lecture Series 9 Cellular Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy. gasoline) or elevated mass.

Reading Assignments. A. Energy and Energy Conversions. Lecture Series 9 Cellular Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy. gasoline) or elevated mass. Lecture Series 9 Cellular Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy Reading Assignments Review Chapter 3 Energy, Catalysis, & Biosynthesis Read Chapter 13 How Cells obtain Energy from Food Read Chapter 14

More information

Chapter 6 : How Cells Harvest Energy (B) Dr. Chris Doumen 10/28/14 CITRIC ACID CYCLE. Acetyl CoA CoA CoA CO 2 NAD + FADH 2 NADH FAD + 3 H + ADP + ATP

Chapter 6 : How Cells Harvest Energy (B) Dr. Chris Doumen 10/28/14 CITRIC ACID CYCLE. Acetyl CoA CoA CoA CO 2 NAD + FADH 2 NADH FAD + 3 H + ADP + ATP Chapter 6 : How Cells Harvest Energy (B) Dr. Chris Doumen Acetyl CoA CoA CoA Oxaloacetate Citrate CITRIC ACID CYCLE CO FADH 3 NAD + FAD 3 NADH ADP + P + 3 1 Pyruvate oxida.on and Citric Acid Cycle Thus

More information

Living organisms obtain energy by breaking down organic molecules during cellular respiration.

Living organisms obtain energy by breaking down organic molecules during cellular respiration. Section 3: Living organisms obtain energy by breaking down organic molecules during cellular respiration. K What I Know W What I Want to Find Out L What I Learned Essential Questions What are the stages

More information

Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy

Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with

More information

10/25/2010 CHAPTER 9 CELLULAR RESPIRATION. Life is Work. Types of cellular respiration. Catabolic pathways = oxidizing fuels

10/25/2010 CHAPTER 9 CELLULAR RESPIRATION. Life is Work. Types of cellular respiration. Catabolic pathways = oxidizing fuels CHAPTER 9 CELLULAR RESPIRATION Life is Work Living cells require transfusions of energy from outside sources to perform their many tasks: Chemical work Transport work Mechanical work Energy stored in the

More information

Cell Respiration Ch 7. Both autotrophs and heterotrophs use cellular respiration to make CO2 and water from

Cell Respiration Ch 7. Both autotrophs and heterotrophs use cellular respiration to make CO2 and water from Cell Respiration Ch 7 Objectives: Identify the 2 major steps of cellular respiration Describe the major events in glycolysis Compare lactic acid fermentation with alcoholic fermentation Calculate the efficiency

More information

Biol 219 Lec 7 Fall 2016

Biol 219 Lec 7 Fall 2016 Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Energy to form ATP Cellular Respiration and Metabolism Glucose ATP Pyruvate Lactate Acetyl CoA NAD + Introducing The Players primary substrate for cellular respiration

More information

WHY DO WE NEED TO BE ABLE TO RESPIRE?

WHY DO WE NEED TO BE ABLE TO RESPIRE? WHY DO WE NEED TO BE ABLE TO RESIRE? To produce energy AT. We need energy to eat, breathe, move, stay warm etc. THE THREE MAIN ROCESSES IN RESIRATION 1. Glycolysis The first step in respiration 2. Krebs

More information

Chapter 9. Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Chapter 9. Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Energy flows into an ecosystem as sunlight and leaves as heat Photosynthesis generates O 2 and organic molecules, which are used in cellular respiration

More information

Respiration. Energy is everything!

Respiration. Energy is everything! Respiration Energy is everything! Tesla was incredible Everyone was intrigued by Tesla Tesla showed that energy does not need to be feared So what does this have to do with twinkies? Everything! Cellular

More information

Chapter 9. Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy

Chapter 9. Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy Living cells require energy from outside sources Energy flows into an ecosystem as sunlight and leaves as heat Photosynthesis generates O 2 and

More information

Cellular Respiration

Cellular Respiration Cellular Respiration I. The Importance of Food A. Food provides living things with the: B. Food serves as a source of: C. Food serves as a source of: II. Chemical Energy and ATP A. Inside living cells,

More information

Tutorial 27: Metabolism, Krebs Cycle and the Electron Transport Chain

Tutorial 27: Metabolism, Krebs Cycle and the Electron Transport Chain Tutorial 27: Metabolism, Krebs Cycle and the Electron Transport Chain Goals: To be able to describe the overall catabolic pathways for food molecules. To understand what bonds are hydrolyzed in the digestion

More information

Consists of all of the chemical reactions that take place in a cell. Summary of Cellular Respiration. Electrons transferred. Cytoplasm Blood vessel

Consists of all of the chemical reactions that take place in a cell. Summary of Cellular Respiration. Electrons transferred. Cytoplasm Blood vessel 7/19/2014 Metabolism Cellular Metabolism Metabolism Consists of all of the chemical reactions that take place in a cell PLAY Animation Breaking Down Glucose For Energy Biol 105 Lecture Packet 6 Read Chapter

More information

Carbohydrate Metabolism

Carbohydrate Metabolism Chapter 34 Carbohydrate Metabolism Carbohydrate metabolism is important for both plants and animals. Introduction to General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 10e John Wiley & Sons, Inc Morris Hein, Scott Pattison,

More information

10/31/2016 CHAPTER 9 RESPIRATION I. RESPIRATION II. ENERGY FOR LIFE A. DEFINITION-THE TOTAL CHEMICAL BREAK DOWN OF GLUCOSE WITH OXYGEN

10/31/2016 CHAPTER 9 RESPIRATION I. RESPIRATION II. ENERGY FOR LIFE A. DEFINITION-THE TOTAL CHEMICAL BREAK DOWN OF GLUCOSE WITH OXYGEN CHAPTER 9 RESPIRATION KENNEDY BIOL. 1AB I. RESPIRATION A. DEFINITION-THE TOTAL CHEMICAL BREAK DOWN OF GLUCOSE WITH OXYGEN II. ENERGY FOR LIFE ALL THE ENERGY FOR LIFE COMES FROM THE METABOLISM OF GLUCOSE

More information

2. What are the products of cellular respiration? Include all forms of energy that are products.

2. What are the products of cellular respiration? Include all forms of energy that are products. Name Per Cellular Respiration An Overview Why Respire Anyhoo? Because bucko all cells need usable chemical energy to do work. The methods cells use to convert glucose into ATP vary depending on the availability

More information

Cellular Respiration Harvesting Chemical Energy ATP

Cellular Respiration Harvesting Chemical Energy ATP Cellular Respiration Harvesting Chemical Energy ATP 2006-2007 What s the point? The point is to make ATP! ATP 2006-2007 Harvesting stored energy Energy is stored in organic molecules carbohydrates, fats,

More information