CHAPTER 4 CELL STRUCTURE/FUNCTION. 2. The uses the visible light to illuminate cell. 3. How is the magnification of a compound microscope calculated?

Transcription

1 CHAPTER 4 CELL STRUCTURE/FUNCTION 1. Define magnification and the term resolution. 2. The uses the visible light to illuminate cell. 3. How is the magnification of a compound microscope calculated? 4. Define numerical aperture. 5. How does oil immersion lens improve the visibility of the specimen? 6. The limitation of bright-field microscopy is. 7. This limitation can be overcome by

2 8. The positively charged combine with negatively charged molecules such as and. 9. The examples of basic dyes are, and that has high affinity to structures. 10. What are differential stains? Give an example. 11. On the basis of gram staining bacteria is divided into and. 12. stain appears purple and stain appears red. 13. This difference is due to.

3 14. What is the advantage of phase-contract microscope? Explain the principle on which it works. 15. What are the differences between the dark field microscope and fluorescence microscope? 16. What are the advantages of differential interference contrast microscopy? 17. Atomic force microscopy is useful for. 18. Confocal Scanning laser microscope is a computerized microscope that couples a laser source to and allows. 19. What structure in Eukaryotic cells is more easily seen using SEM than bright-field microscopy?

4 20. What is an electron micrograph? 21. What are the three typical bacterial shapes? Explain. 22. What are some of the unusual shapes of bacteria? 23. Prokaryotes vary in size from. 24. Which is the largest known prokaryote? 25. Mostly large prokaryotes are or. 26. Explain the surface area and volume relationship in cells. 27. How it makes the cell more efficient? 28. What physical properties of cells increase as cells become smaller?

5 29. Describe the fluid mosaic model of cell membrane. 30. Explain the function of the membrane proteins embedded in the phospholipid bilayer. 31. List the major differences between the prokaryotic and Eukaryotic membrane. 32. How is archael membrane different from other organisms and contrast the linkage between glycerol and the hydrophobic protein lipids in bacteria and Archae? 33. Besides permeability, what other functions does the cytoplasmic membrane have?

6 34. List two reasons why a cell cannot depend on diffusion as the means of getting nutrients into the cell. 35. Why is physical damage to the cytoplasmic membrane a more critical problem for the cell than damage to some other cell component? 36. Contrast the energy requirements of simple transporters, the phosphotransferase system, and the ABC transport system. 37. Contrast the three classes of transport systems in terms of any chemical alterations that occur in the transported molecule.

7 38. Which transport system is best suited for the transport of nutrients present in the environment in extremely low amounts, and why? 39. How are proteins exported from the cell? 40. Explain the molecules and chemical differences between the cell walls of gram positive and gram negative bacteria. 41. List the monomeric components of peptidoglycan. 42. Why is peptidoglycan such a strong molecule?

8 43. How do some cells live without cell walls? 44. How does pseudopeptidoglycan resemble peptidoglycan? How do the two molecules differ? 45. What components constitute the LPS layer of gram-negative Bacteria? 46. What is the function of porins and where are they located in a gram-negative cell wall? 47. What component of the cell has endotoxin properties?

9 48. Why does alcohol readily decolorize gram-negative but not gram-positive bacteria? 49. Explain the terms capsule and slime layer differentiate. 50. Under what growth conditions would you expect PHAs or glycogen to be produced? 51. Why would it be impossible for gram-positive bacteria to store sulfur-oxidizing molecules that chemolithotrophs can? 52. What form of iron is present in magnetosomes?

10 53. What might be the benefit of gas vesicles to phototrophic cells? 54. How are the two proteins that make up the gas vesicle, GvpA and GvpC arranged to suck a water-impermeable structure? 55. Describe the stages of endospore formation. 56. What is dipicolinic acid and where is it found? 57. What are SASPs and what is their function?

11 58. What happens when an endospore germinates? 59. What is flagellin and where is it found? 60. How does a bacterial flagellum move a cell forward? 61. How does polar flagellation differ from peritrichous flagellation? 62. Define the word chemotaxis. 63. What causes a run versus a tumble? 64. How does scotophobotaxis differ from phototaxis?