Microbiology Helmut Pospiech

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Loraine Ward
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1 Microbiology Helmut Pospiech

2 Microbiology from Greek mīkros, - "small bios, "life -logia) the study of small, single-celled organisms

3 Bacteria (Prokaryotes) Viruses Unicellular Eukaryotes

4 What are microorganisms? Bacteria Archaea Protozoa Fungi including molds and yeasts Algae Viruses (although viruses do no have an own metabolism and are therefore no orgamisms) What comes into your mind when thinking about microbiology?

5 Where can microorganisms be found?

6 Microorganisms have a major impact on the cycle of matter

7 Modern microbiology has a been of high importance for human well-being The end of the terror of infectious diseases

8 The end of the terror of infectious diseases How to find the cause of an disease? Robert Koch What comes into your mind when thinking about microbiology?

9 The tree of life

10 The tree of life Prokaryotes

11 The Reign of Microorganisms is not over yet!

12 Prokaryotes Vs Eukaryotes a question of organisation Prokaryotes have no membrane-engulfed organelles Cells are usually smaller in size Simpler in organisation

13 Size matters!

14 A Microscope still one of the microbiologist s best friend

16 The Structure of the Prokaryotic Cell

17 Intracellular structures of prokaryotes Poly-β-hydroxyalkanoates Energy storage Magnetosomes Fe 4 O 3 Magnetotaxis Gas vesicles Allow floating Planctonic organisms, e.g. in cyanobacteria Polyphosphate or sulfur body Endospores

18 The cytoplasmic membrane

19 Eubacteria/Eukaryotes and Archaea have different type of lipids Eukarya/Eubacteria glycerol ester of fatty acids Archaea glycerol ether of isoprenoids

20 Eubacteria/Eukaryotes and Archaea have different type of lipids cholesterol Eubacteria usually without sterols such as cholesterol But squalene or hopanoids

21 Eubacteria/Eukaryotes and Archaea possess different types of lipids

22 The functions of the cytoplasmic membrane

23 The control of what gets in Passive transport along a concentration gradient often inefficient Active transport Requires energy consumption and what gets out

24 3 different types of simple transporters (selective pores)

25 Examples of Simple Transporters in E. coli

26 Phosphotransferase, an example for a group translocation system in E. coli Why does group translocation (coupling of glucose transport and phosphorylation) facilitate glucose uptake? Answer: Because of the glucose phosphorylation, the intra cellular concentration of (free) glucose remains extremely low!

27 ABC (ATP binding cassette) More than 200 different ABC transporters known in prokaryotes Very high affinity of the binding protein to the substrate (< 1 µm) For the uptake of Sugars Amino acids Sulfate, phosphate Trace metals transporters

28 The cell wall of Eubacteria

29 The structure/composition of peptidoglycan lysozyme transpeptidase β lactam antibiotics (penicillins, cephalosporins)

30 The cell wall of gramnegative bacteria

31 The cell wall of grampositive bacteria

32 The cell wall of Mycobacteria Mycobacteria are pathogens that cause e.g. tubercolosis and leprae Slow growing Special cell wall structure haves evading immune system of the host

33 The impact of cell wall structure on taxonomy the Gram staining

Bacterial Structures. Capsule or Glycocalyx TYPES OF FLAGELLA FLAGELLA. Average size: µm 2-8 µm Basic shapes:

Bacterial Structures. Capsule or Glycocalyx TYPES OF FLAGELLA FLAGELLA. Average size: µm 2-8 µm Basic shapes: PROKARYOTIC One circular chromosome, not in a membrane No histones No organelles Peptidoglycan cell walls Binary fission EUKARYOTIC Paired chromosomes, in nuclear membrane Histones Organelles Polysaccharide