Long-chain Omega-3 Sources in a Resources Constrained World

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1 Long-chain Omega-3 Sources in a Resources Constrained World Peter Nichols, James Petrie, Surinder Singh Food Futures Flagship SA Food Industry Food Forum, August 2011

Essential Fatty Acid Families H 3 C ω6 family COOH 18:2ω6 Linoleic (LA) Corn Oil Safflower Oil Sunflower Oil H 3 C COOH 20:4 ω6 Arachidonic AA Meat, Eggs, Brains Thrombotic Inflammatory H 3 C H 3 C H

2 Essential Fatty Acid Families H 3 C ω6 family COOH 18:2ω6 Linoleic (LA) Corn Oil Safflower Oil Sunflower Oil H 3 C COOH 20:4 ω6 Arachidonic AA Meat, Eggs, Brains Thrombotic Inflammatory H 3 C H 3 C H 3 C 18:3ω3 ω3 family COOH α-linolenic (ALA) Flaxseed Oil Canola Oil Soybean Oil COOH 20:5ω3 Eicosapentaenoic EPA COOH 22:6ω3 Docosahexaenoic DHA Microalgae Seafood Anti-thromboticthrombotic Anti-inflammatoryinflammatory LC Omega-3 3Oils: Oils: C20,two ormoredoublebonds bonds

Alzheimers ADHD / related disorders Obesity / weight loss Asthma Kidney & liver disorders Infant

3 Health benefits from LC Omega-3 Oils - I Prevention of CHD Lower blood pressure and plasma / serum lipid levels Anti-thrombotic Anti-inflammatory Neuropsychiatric disorders, including ng Alzheimers ADHD / related disorders Obesity / weight loss Asthma Kidney & liver disorders Infant nutrition - Brain & retina development Aquaculture & animal feed - Larval nutrition - Product quality

4 Health benefits from LC Omega-3 Oils - II 6 New Zealand Annual prevale ence of major depression (rate/100) West Germany Canada USA France Puerto Rico Australia ~100mg DHA+EPA d -1 Taiwan Korea 0 Japan Annual apparent fish consumption (kg/person)

5 How Much LC Omega-3 Do We need? Average intake - EPA + DHA in Australia: 30 mg/day (Bureau of Statistics 1995); 175 mg/day (Howe et al. 2006) 2006 NHMRC: Suggested Dietary Targets: 610 mg/day - men, 430mg/day - women mg/day for CHD patients Most fish oil supplements - 18% EPA + 12% DHA 2g fish oil supplies the SDT for EPA + DHA

6 Australian Seafood - The Good Oil I & II Two Guides for consumers/industry By-product / by-catch included Results available for marketing seafood Results also in Aust. Seafood Handbook LC Omega-3 oils (mg per 100g) Fish 235 Oysters 150 Prawns 130 Lobster 105 Turkey 35 Beef 22 Chicken 19 Lamb 18 Pork 0 Veal 0

8 mg of EPA & DHA per Capsule Fish Oil Capsules mg Enriched 18 / 12 Oils DHA EPA 300 Other Oils FO1 FO2 FO3 FO4 FO5 FO6 FO7 FO8 FO9 FO10 FO11 FO12 FO13 FO14 Cost per Annum to Supply 500 mg/day EPA+DHA Three Product groups $2,500 Other Oils Cost (pa) $2,000 Enriched oils $ $1,500 18/12 oils $20-80 Other oils $ $1,000 $500 Enriched 18 / 12 Oils $0 FO1 FO2 FO3 FO4 FO5 FO6 FO7 FO8 FO9 FO10 FO11 FO12 FO13 FO14

9 Aquaculture - Has the Good Oil gone missing? July 2002, INFORM, AOCS: warned that some species of farm-raised fish may have little or no omega-3 fatty acids (Stoll, Harvard Med. School)

Australian Farmed Fish Good Oil (2011) Global fish catches static or declining - Fish oil used in aquaculture replaced by other oils Farmed fish in Australia - LC Omega-3 oils have

10 Australian Farmed Fish Good Oil (2011) Global fish catches static or declining - Fish oil used in aquaculture replaced by other oils Farmed fish in Australia - LC Omega-3 oils have decreased cf 2002 findings Possible solutions include: - Change feeding strategies - Other sources (e.g. Single Cell Oils, Krill) - Develop new sustainable sources of LC Omega-3 oils

.there would be no fish left by 2048 Worm, Hilborn et al. (2009) Rebuilding Global Fisheries Science.

11 Global Fisheries: are there enough fish anyway landmark papers Myers & Worm (2003) Rapid worldwide depletion of Predatory fish communities. Nature large predatory fish biomass today is only about 10% of pre-industrial levels. Worm (2006) Impacts of Biodiversity Loss on Ocean Ecosystem Services. Science..there would be no fish left by 2048 Worm, Hilborn et al. (2009) Rebuilding Global Fisheries Science. In 5 of 10 well-studied ecosystems, average exploitation rate has declined and is now at or below the rate predicted to achieve maximum sustainable yield for 7 systems. Ray Hilborn (2010 pers. comm.) An interesting aspect in the equation is that the environmental impact of marine fisheries is seen as much less than for production of animal protein from agriculture that requires removal of forest and in many dimensions is also less than for vegetarian diets Smith et al. (2011) New approach to sustain forage fishing. Science Reduced catches of oceanic forage fish like sardines & anchovies may be required to protect larger predators that rely on these species for food.

12 Food Futures Flagship: LC Omega-3 Oils LC Omega-3 oils essential for human & marine fish health Global fish catches static or declining Microalgae biosynthesize the LC omega-3 oils that fish consume & store. Fish do not make EPA+DHA. CSIRO-wide project Goal: Isolate omega-3 genes from microalgae & transfer them to crop plants to sustainably produce LC omega-3 oils

13 LC Omega-3 Oils - engineering in land plants 16:0 18:0 18:1 18:2 α 18:3 Land Plants 6-des 6-elo 5-des 5-elo 4-des 18:4 SDA 20:4 20:5 22:5 22:6 EPA DHA Marine Algae

14 Land Plant Achievements First land plant with EPA + DHA in its seed oil hain Omega-3 Percent Long-ch % DHA 2.4% EPA 0.0 0% Land Plants CSIRO Model Plant Arabidopsis thaliana Robert et al Functional Plant Biology

SDA, EPA and DHA New Land Plant Oils (2010-11) CSIRO: oilseeds (includes model plants) BASF: mustard Monsanto: soy Dupont: soy Farmed

15 SDA, EPA and DHA New Land Plant Oils ( ) CSIRO: oilseeds (includes model plants) BASF: mustard Monsanto: soy Dupont: soy Farmed salmon fed fish oil diet SDA / EPA fed / plant DHA oil diet SDA EPA % ARA % DHA %

16 DHA synthesis in seed oil next hurdles CSIRO results show feasibility of developing oil seed crops with significant amounts of DHA Research ongoing to develop commercial oilseed crops with LC Omega-3 Oils increase levels of key components & oil content Research underway to open up new avenues for delivery of DHA to consumers via grains: whole grains in foods extracted oil in spreads extracted oil as food ingredients aquaculture and livestock feeds

17 Consumer preferences Take home message: A large proportion of the population are accepting of GM land plant LC omega-3 oil that: provides a health benefit, was supported by health claims from a trusted source, was indirectly consumed (e.g. food for farming fish) (Cox et al, 2008, 2010, in press)

18 Summary Novel Land Plant LC-Omega-3 Oils Need for alternate sources of LC Omega-3 established: drivers health & supply issues, & environment First demonstration that land-based plants can make DHA in their seeds when they have the necessary genes Research is progressing to develop commercial oilseed crops with LC Omega-3 Oils, and to open up new avenues for delivery of DHA to consumers Industry, regulatory & consumer engagement underway or planned by CSIRO and partners

19 Summary Novel Land Plant LC-Omega-3 Oils Next stage of R&D Nuseed-CSIRO-GRDC partnership announced April 2011 Canola DHA

20 The LC Omega-3 Oils Team Plant Industry Surinder Singh, James Petrie, Clive Hurlstone, Adam White, Ann Mackenzie, Qing Liu, Allan Green Marine & Atmospheric Research Peter Nichols, Sue Blackburn, Stan Robert, Dion Frampton, Peter Mansour, Matt Miller, Julie Kimber, Basseer Codabaccus, Ramez Al Hazzaa, Will Bignell Food Science Australia Chakra Wijesundera, Claudio Ceccato, Peter Fagan, Peter Watkins, Shiping Shen, Amy Richards Human Nutrition Mahinda Abeywardena, Julie Dallimore, Michael Adams, David Cox, Greg Evans, Haidee Lease Livestock Industries Soressa Kitessa, Paul Young Food Futures HQ and BD Bruce Lee, Matthew Morell, Lindsay Adler, Rob Defeyter

Omega 3 oil sources for use in aquaculture Alternatives to the unstainable harvest of wildfish

Omega 3 oil sources for use in aquaculture Alternatives to the unstainable harvest of wildfish Prepared by: Matt Miller, Peter Nichols & Chris Carter Problem Aquaculture is growing Requires wild caught