CSIRO National Research Flagship

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1 CSIRO National Research Flagship Dr Bruce Lee Director, Food Futures Flagship Nuffield International Contemporary Scholars Conference 25 February 2008 Melbourne

2 ..the most promising mechanism yet to drive large-scale activity addressing National Research Priorities Review of the National Research Flagships 2006

3 National Research Flagships Program A powerful mechanism for addressing National Research Challenges based on world-class science We form the very best multidisciplinary teams with our partners from the business and research communities We focus on delivery, impact and adoption of research outputs Flagships emphasise large scale, long duration, integrated research programs Flagship goals are based on deep analysis of challenges and opportunities and how research can contribute to solutions The Flagships funding model allow flexible responses to emerging issues through the mechanisms of the CSIRO Science Investment Process and the Flagship Collaboration Fund

4 Six Flagships (+ 3) Minerals Down Under Niche Manufacturing Climate Adaptation Transforming the international competitiveness of and adding $3B of value to Australian Agrifood

Flagships: A Collaborative Venture Production Processing

processing ICT Genetics and Breeding plant & animal Maths

Science Nutrition Consumer & sensory Science & psychology

Engineering Livestock Industries Textile Fibre Technology

& Atmospheric Molecular & Health Technologies Human

5 Flagships: A Collaborative Venture Production Processing Resources Markets Tissue Engineering Food Engineering and processing ICT Genetics and Breeding plant & animal Maths & Information Separation Science Food matrix Materials Science Nutrition Consumer & sensory Science & psychology Biosensing Plant Industry Land & Water Materials Science & Engineering Livestock Industries Textile Fibre Technology Entomology ICT Centre Maths & Information Sciences Marine & Atmospheric Molecular & Health Technologies Human Nutrition Food Science Australia Manufacturing & Infrastructure Technology

6 Setting the scene Australian Grains Industry under significant pressure: Recent entry of low cost high volume producers. Established competitors heavily subsidised Constantly rising input costs Causing annual erosion in terms of trade 2% per annum Countered by annual increase in performance 1.7%

7 Strategy Develop grains delivering health and product quality benefits for customers and consumers.

Healthy Grains Redesigning Starches Modern starchy processed foods are digested quickly and efficiently in the small intestine. These foods are low in RS and high GI.

8 Healthy Grains Redesigning Starches Modern starchy processed foods are digested quickly and efficiently in the small intestine. These foods are low in RS and high GI. This means the small intestine is flooded with glucose while the colon is starved (leading to dysfunction and cancer risk) Low digestibility grains containing Resistant Starch are good for health, having a low glycaemic index and promoting a healthy bowel High amylose products are a good source of Resistant Starch

9 High Amylose Wheat Consumer Driver Estim ated RS intake (g/day) Aust. US Large bowel cancer incidence (cases/100,000) Source: Cassidy et al 1994

10 Mechanisms for generating starches with increased amylose content ADPglucose 3. Increase amylose synthesis? GBSSI SSI SSIIa SSIII Isa1 1. Decrease Amylopectin Synthesis Amylose BEI BEIIa 2. Decrease Branching BEIIb Activity Amylopectin RNAi Suppression BEII

11 High Amylose Wheat Genetics: World-first proof-of-concept using RNAi technology via GM * G lu c o s e c o n c e n t r a t i o n Elution volume 25% Amylose Glucose concentration Elution volume 75% Amylose Technology being further developed for commercialisation by nonready to go if regulatory and consumer issues allow. GMmechanism. GM * Regina et al (2006) Proc Natl Acd Sci USA 103:

12 High Amylose Wheat Nutrition Substantiation: Rat Trial Feeding High Amylose wheat to rats leads to: Increased large bowel digesta Reduced caecal ph Increased SCFA production No deleterious effects Strong package of gastrointestinal health attributes justifying further trials in large animals and humans

13 High Fibre Grains Research Cluster Dietary fibre conventionally characterised as insoluble [e.g. cellulose, lignin] or soluble [e.g. pectin, cereal non-starch polysaccharides] Two major cereal non-starch polysaccharides (NSP): arabinoxylan and (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan = xylose = arabinose

14 Health Benefits of Omega-3 LC-PUFA

15 Long Chain PUFAs (Omega-3) WHY? - Global fish stocks depleted - Demand for PUFA Health Benefits increasing Alternate renewable sources: Terrestrial plants 5 CSIRO Divisions 3 Universities 3 Partners

16 Health Benefits of Omega-3 Long-Chain PUFA Fish eat microalgae Microalgae make long-chain Omega-3 We eat fish Benefits: -Cardiovascular -Brain function -Inflammatory disease arthritis

17 LC-Omega-3 PUFA Biosynthesis 18:0 18:1 18:2 α 18:3 Many Plants Humans SDA 18:4 Some Plants Metabolic Engineering Solutions Required to Bridge the Elongation/Desaturation Gap 20:5 EPA Humans 22:5 Target Compounds 22:6 DHA

18 Proof of Concept Engineering Strategy 16:0 18:0 18:1 18:2 α 18:3 Humans 6-des 18:4 SDA 6-elo Genes Added 5-des 20:4 20:5 EPA 5-elo EPA 2.4% DHA 1% 4-des 22:5 22:6 DHA

19 Consumer Engagement Community and consumer acceptance is paramount in determining the successful adoption of new technologies and novel products in the Agrifood supply chain Key Research Findings Communicate anticipated benefits eg: GM/Health Consumer preference for GM one step removed

yield [lb/ac] 3600 3200 2800 2400 2000 1 2 Arrow

Higher yield, same N NUE Canola Conventional

20 Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE) Transgenic NUE Canola Control Gene No Gene Seed yield [lb/ac] Arrow #1 Same yield, 66% less N 1600 Arrow #2 33% Higher yield, same N NUE Canola Conventional Canola Nitrogen application level [lb N/ac]

21 NUE Technology Summary 50-60% reduction nitrogen fertilizer requirement Demonstrated in canola (through 9 field trials over 4 years) as a representative broadleaf crop. Cotton, soybeans, sunflower, sugarbeets Demonstrated in rice as a representative grass crop. Corn, wheat, barley, oats, sugarcane

22 Value adding goals Billions of dollars B 4.8B Current value Added value 0.8B 0.8B Improved animal products via advanced genetics and breeding technologies Increased food exports and production of healthier and safer foods Added value 100M Livestock 1Breeds Aquaculture 2 Breeds Aquafeeds 3

23 Breed Engineering Comparative maturity of Beef & Aquaculture Production efficiency Product quality Nutrition Genetics Environment Health Apply advanced genetic technology to enhance the rate of progress Time (Years)

Germ cell transfer in cattle Bos indicus

quality Bos taurus (donor) superior meat

24 Germ cell transfer in cattle Bos indicus (recipient) Inferior meat quality thrives in tropical Northern Australia Improved growth rate yield and meat quality Bos taurus (donor) superior meat quality poor survival in tropical Northern Australia

25 Global aquaculture and the novel aquafeeds opportunity Aquaculture has been the fastest growing food-producing sector in the world since the 1950s Aquaculture 8.9 Poultry meat 4.9 Fruit & veges 3.4 Pig meat 3.0 Sheep meat 2.0 Cereal grain 1.5 Population Wild fish Cattle meat Annual production increase (%)

Aquaculture Breed Enhancement Develop and apply genetic technology to produce healthy, genetically superior strains of key aquaculture

Molecular genetics Selective breeding Molecular genetics Selective breeding Molecular genetics Sex pre- selection Reproductive

sterility Food quality CMAR, CLI, FSA Partners: Aquafin CRC, FRDC, TSGA, SALTAS, Tassal Group, Huon Aquaculture Partners: Tasmanian

26 Aquaculture Breed Enhancement Develop and apply genetic technology to produce healthy, genetically superior strains of key aquaculture species with enhanced production efficiency, profitability and market penetration Atlantic salmon Abalone Prawns Selective breeding Molecular genetics Selective breeding Molecular genetics Selective breeding Molecular genetics Sex pre- selection Reproductive sterility Virology & health Health Vaccine development Disease resistance CMAR, CLI, CMIS Food quality CMAR, CLI, FSA Reproductive sterility Food quality CMAR, CLI, FSA Partners: Aquafin CRC, FRDC, TSGA, SALTAS, Tassal Group, Huon Aquaculture Partners: Tasmanian Selected Abalone, Abalone Aquaculture, Abalone Farms Aust., Aust. Ocean Biotechnology, Cold Gold Partners: APFA, FRDC, GCMA, Seafarm Pty Ltd, AIMS, QDPIF

Global opportunities A key opportunity for

27 Global opportunities A key opportunity for Australia is as a seed-stock, genetic technology and aquafeeds supplier to the global aquaculture industry key focus on prawns & aquafeeds India Thailand China Vietnam Indonesia Current projects Expressions of interest Australia

28 Designed Food and Ingredients (1022) Food Futures Flagship

29 Theme Structure Stream 1 Naturally Structured Foods Scouting for new ideas and scientific breakthroughs Stream 2 and Bioactives Concentrated Proteins Stream 3 Energy Controlled Foods New Healthier Foods

30 Bioactives Innovative Ingredients WHY? and Food Theme Value Goal add to waste $700M Health by Benefits 2013 Novel Separation Technologies 9 Bioactives

31 Dermatan Sulphate (DS) Anti-thrombin activity Anti-thrombin activity 0.3 A405nm HC11 Throm Trial 5 Sigma CSB Time in minutes

32 CLUSTER Concentration and Separation of Bioactives in Food Science Collaborators:

33 Object measures of flavour and aroma would drive production decisions

Quality Biosensors Winemakers want to be able to make wine to a precise flavour and aroma specification Consistent and predictable style and quality

34 Quality Biosensors Winemakers want to be able to make wine to a precise flavour and aroma specification Consistent and predictable style and quality Avoiding taints, contaminants and off flavours Maximising price point From a raw material that is far from consistent using a biological process that is variable

Novel receptors identified by CSIRO 100 91 100 100 100 BmOr2 **** SeOr2 HvOr2 AiOr2 97 0.

35 Novel receptors identified by CSIRO BmOr2 **** SeOr2 HvOr2 AiOr Changes BmOr16 ** BmOr26 * HvCr17 HvCr10 BmOr31 * BmOr41 ** BmOr10 *** BmOr18 ** HvCr BmOr22 ND BmOr BmOr8 BmOr21 * HvCr19 BmOr HvCr21 BmOr12 BmOr19 **** Female Biased **** BmOr15 *** BmOr13 *** HvCr8 BmOr36 ** BmOr4 ** BmOr9 ** HvCr13 BmOr1 **** BmOr5 *** BmOr7 HvCr14 HvCr15 HvCr16 HvCr6 HvCr11 BmOr3 **** BmOr6 *** Male Biased (exceptions are BmOr9 & HvCr6 ) BmOr24 BmOr25 * HvCr12 BmOr11 ** HvCr7 BmOr23 HvCr9 BmOr42 BmOr32 ND BmOr14 * HvCr20 BmOr28 * HvCr18 BmOr33 *** BmOr34 *** Female Biased BmOr30 ** BmOr37 ND 100 BmOr39 ND BmOr38 ND BmOr35 *** BmOr29 ND BmOr27 ** BmOr40 **

Biosensor Research Cluster Control flavour and aroma

even out the variations between grape lots, seasons

crush and every bottle Developing Cybernose to

potential of grapes Flagship Collaboration Cluster

36 Biosensor Research Cluster Control flavour and aroma more precisely deliver a consistent style of wine even out the variations between grape lots, seasons and localities maximise the price point for every crush and every bottle Developing Cybernose to establish the link between viticulture and flavour potential of grapes Flagship Collaboration Cluster Partners: GWRDC, Wingara Group, Fosters Group, Yalumba, Orlando Wyndham

CSIRO Food Futures Flagship Nuffield

CSIRO Food Futures Flagship Nuffield Australia Autumn Tour Food Futures Flagship Bruce Lee Director, Food Futures Flagship October 25 th, 2009 Meeting needs of a changing & ageing population Agrifood Challenges