CHAP 5- FATS SATURATED FAT. Foods- LDL TRIG. MONOUNSATURATED FATS (mono) OMEGA 3 s Foods- Other monos LDL HDL TRIG CRP

Transcription

1 CHAP 5- FATS SATURATED FAT C-C-C-C-C-C-C no double bonds Foods- LDL TRIG MONOUNSATURATED FATS (mono) C-C-C=C- C- C one double bond OMEGA 3 s Foods- Other monos LDL HDL TRIG CRP 1

2 POLYUNSATURATED (poly) C-C- C= C- C =C-C 2+ double bonds Foods LDL HDL TRANS FAT- HYDROGENATED Nutrition label can say 0 trans fat If you see the word hydrogenated or partially hydrogenated ANYWHERE in the ingredients.there is trans fat there! Foods- 3 times more inflammatory than sat fat TRIG LDL CRP Why do they use these? 2

3 Some really good fats- Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) Docosahexaonic (DHA) Essential for normal growth and development. Especially eyes and brain May play an important role in prevention and treatment of heart disease. Anti-inflammatory. Now in baby food CHECK out oceansalive.org website for info on seafood/fish Dnr.org too LIPID- family of compounds that included TRIG, PHOSHOLIPID and STEROLS Insoluble in water FAT- lipid- solid at room temp (77 degrees) OIL- lipid- liquid at room temp (77 degrees) 1. TRIGLYCERIDE- 3 fats attached to a glycerol Triglycerol _FA GLYCEROL FA _FA 2. PHOSPHOLIPID _ FA GLYCEROL _ FA _ NITROGEN/PHOSPHATE Same as a triglyceride but one of the FA is a phosphate group or a (nitrogen) 3

4 Example: LECITHIN What is does Is it essential? (do we need to supplement?) CHOLINE What it does? Where is it found? 3. STEROLS (4 ring carbon) Example -CHOLESTEROL- What is does- Where it is found How much does the liver make- DIGESTION ENZYMES that break fat- In mouth In stomach Small intestine Bile- Where absorbed? 4

5 FATTY ACID DEFICIENCIES Low EPA and DHA leads to depression some neurochemical pathways show increasing activity and others decrease Research question- does the low intake alter brain chemistry or does depression alter metabolism of these. Also: STORING fat cells DUH Purpose for storage (anorexics store in mid section first..protect organs) FAT replacers- olestra/olean Olestra SUCROSE + 6 to 8 FA intestine can t break these bonds. Poop orange HIGHLIGHT FISH Alaska, northern Canada, Greenland high omega 3 less heart disease Less trig, less blood clots, protect from irregular heartbeats, less BP, less inflame Fish precursor to EPA, DHA healthy fats, and bad ones MEDITERRANEAN low sat, low trans, high mono, high fiber (complex carb) and high fruits and veggies Biggest meal of the day..at lunch relax 2 hours 5

6 Ways to decrease fat in your diet- 6

7 CHAPTER 6 PROTEIN AMINO ACIDS- building blocks of protein (20 of them) 9 essential 11 non essential Sometimes there is a condition like PKU where they can t have phenylalanine which makes tyrosine.so tyrosine then becomes essential Babies tested at birth-----if they have phenylala..they will become retarded. PEPTIDE BOND (link)- connection of acid end and an amino end DIPEPTIDE 2 AA TRIPEPTIDE 3 AA POLYPEPTIDE many AA Most proteins are dozens to several hundred AA long Example- insulin 51 AA pg 184 Hemoglobin model mention sickle cell anemia here too PROTEIN DENATUAZATION uncoil Lose stablilty.heat, acid, alcohol..etc lose stability. Cooked eggs..ex DIGESTION STOMACH- HCL denatures so enzymes can attack peptide bonds HCL activates pepsinogen (inactive form) to pepsin (active form) (PROENZYME/ZYMOGEN = inactive form of enzyme) Goal- make smaller chain polypeptides SMALL INTESTINE Pancreatic/intestinal proteases make the chains smaller yet Intestinal surface peptidase.split into single, di,and tripeptides 8 listed on page 196 Very few get thru without being broken Absoption in SMALL INTESTINE (seeing a pattern here?) PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Human body contains 30,000 different proteins!!! 300 are studied; with genome research this has increased a lot, disease studies 7

8 Lining up make DNA, RNA Pg 189- sickle cell anemia.. 2 chains are normal, 2 are not. See sequence in fig 6-8 This single characteristic change, changes shape of the RBC so it loses it s ability to carry oxygen effectively. SEVERE PAIN joints and abdomen..harper hospital ROLES of PROTEIN 1. building materials for growh and maintenance..bone/tooth Matrix..collagen- knit/strength healing Skin cells 30 day shelf life..hair, nails 2. enzymes seen digestive enzymes Break down and build Catabolic..break down Anabolic build Prednisone steroids verus major league baseball steroid. Cro-magnan look, schwartzenegger etc 3. hormones- insulin example pg 191 table Fluid balance regulators Plasma/protein fluid in between cells pulls water EDEMA stages pitting edema..ankles a. excessive protein losses from kidney DX, or large wounds (burns) b. inadequate protein synthesis (liver disease) c. inadequate protein intake anorexics 5. Acid/base regulators H+ ion movement Acidosis/alkalosis leads to denaturing of protein- leads to coma/death 6. transporters Ex. Hemoglobin carries 02 Carry/pump things across cell membrane Sodium/potassium balance- nerve transmission, muscle ctrx, heart beat, kidney 8

9 7. antibodies Virus invades..gets in cell replicates HIV..mutates, replicates..different in everyone Body recognizes some invaders (antigens).makes antibodies to fight them Eventually develop MOLECULAR MEMORY (immunity) Kicks in quicker. 8. source of energy and glucose (not happy to do it though) 9. other- fibrin..clotting factors, injury Summary pg 193 Protein metabolism----next chapter PROTEIN in foods- we did this early on Digestability- animal 90-99% 90+ for soy and legumes 70-90% for plant protein Complementary proteins missing AA is supplied by the other food Mix beans and rice Mix beans and corn..used to have to do this at every meal Now if you have it sometime during the day it s ok- get this question a lot Too low in protein MARASMUS- severe deprivation (all nutrients) or impaired absorption Most common in 6-18 month olds IMPOVERISHED NATIONS Look like old people skin and bones More chronic KWASHIORKOR ACUTE swollen belly (may be parasites too) Refers to birth order older child develops it when the next child is born. Breast milk goes to the newborn and the older child is fed protein deficient cereal. Sick and die. DYSENTERY- infection of the GI tract. Diarrhea more infection..decreased immune 9

10 REHAB- FLUIDS..minerals. food and protein in small amounts 10% cals from protein REUMDA- 200 cals-400 cals then every 2-3 days they bump up another 200. RDA for protein 0.8 g/kilo 150# person (68 kilo) 68 X 0.8 grams = 54 grams per day 68 X 1.0 grams = 68 grams per day 68 X 1.2 grams = 82 grams per day Last month we used ½ of your weight in pounds = how many protein grams per day.. If VERY sedentary it s 7-10 less more active 7-10 more 75 +/ grams Pg 202 whey protein supplements. in conjunction with other proteins for the day.aa pool for the day. 10