The questions for oral part of exam from Medical Biochemistry. 1. Energetic metabolism and metabolism of nutrients

Transcription

1 The questions for oral part of exam from Medical biochemistry for students of general medicine are divided into three parts: Contents 1. Energetic metabolism and metabolism of nutrients General and molecular biochemistry Biochemistry of organs and tissues... 4 The student will choose 3 questions, by 1 from each part. 1. Energetic metabolism and metabolism of nutrients 1. Respiratory chain composition, function, inhibitors 2. Transport of electrons a H + - oxidative phosphorylation, ATP-ase, uncouplers 3. Transfer of reducing equivalents from the cytosol to the mitochondria, glycerolphosphate and malate shuttle 4. Phosphorylation on substrate level, macroergic compounds and their role in metabolism 5. The citric acid cycle reactions, importance, amphibolic character, regulation 6. Anaplerotic reactions of citric acid cycle (biochemical importance) 7. Significance of acetyl-coa in the intermediatory metabolism 8. Conversions of glucose-6-phosphate its role in the intermediary metabolism 9. Glycolysis, regulation and its energetic balance 10. Gluconeogenesis and its regulation 11. Metabolic pathway of pyruvic acid enzymes, importance 12. Cori cycle and glucose-alanine cycle importance, basic tasks 13. Pentose phosphate cycle biological and biochemical role, regulation 14. Synthesis and degradation of glycogen, regulation, disorders 15. Metabolism of monosaccharides (e.g. galactose, mannose, fructose) disorders 16. Metabolism of glucuronic acid, its importance in organism 17. Biosynthesis and degradation of oligosaccharides, disorders 18. Metabolism of amino sugars reactions and biochemical importance 19. Oxidation of fatty acids, energetic balance, carnitine system 20. The most important unsaturated fatty acids, desaturases, elongases and their significance 21. Biosynthesis of FA - regulation, disorders 22. Biosynthesis and degradation of triacylglycerols 23. Biosynthesis and degradation of phospholipids and glycolipids 24. Metabolism of sphingolipids 25. Biosynthesis and degradation of eicosanoids, cyclooxygenase and lipooxygenase pathway 26. Formation and utilization of ketone bodies, metabolic causes and consequences, the importance of ketone bodies 27. Biosynthesis of cholesterol and its regulation, biological significance, transport of endogenic and exogenic cholesterol, disorders 28. The transformation and excretion of cholesterol, bile acids, metabolic disorders

2 29. Biosynthesis and degradation of steroid hormones 30. Formation and importance of vitamin D, disorders in deficiency of vitamin D and other isoprene compounds 31. Transport of lipids, lipoproteins role, structure and classification of lipoproteins 32. Biological function, composition and degradation of chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL and HDL, disorders in lipoprotein metabolism 33. General mechanisms of amino acids conversion: deamination, transamination, nitrogen balance 34. Glucogenic and ketogenic amino acids - role in intermediary metabolism 35. Formation of ammonia in the organism and its fate. Transport and detoxification of ammonia, hyperammonemies 36. Urea synthesis (formation of urea) - a mechanism, importance, disorders 37. Metabolism of amino acids of pyruvate and oxaloacetate groups (synthesis, degradation, disorders), the involvement of these amino acids into metabolic 38. The metabolism of sulphur containing amino acids (synthesis, degradation, disorders), the involvement of these amino acids into metabolic 39. Metabolism of amino acids of 2-oxoglutarate and succinyl CoA groups (synthesis, degradation, disorders), the involvement of these amino acids into metabolic 40. The metabolism of aromatic and branched-chain amino acids (synthesis, degradation, disorders involvement of these amino acids into metabolic 41. Biosynthesis, degradation and function of biogenic amines and polyamines 42. Conversion of amino acids to specialized products - e.g. creatine, SAM 43. Importance of nucleotides (NTP, dntp) for cell and organism functions, role in the regulatory 44. Degradation of exogenous and endogenous NA, nucleotides and nucleosides 45. Biosynthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides reactions, importance, regulation, disorders 46. Degradation of pyrimidine nucleotides reactions, importance, regulation, disorders 47. Biosynthesis of purine nucleotides - reactions, importance, regulation, disorders, salvage reactions 48. Degradation of purine nucleotides reactions, importance, regulation, disorders 49. Biosynthesis and degradation of deoxyribonucleotides regulation, inhibition and disorders 50. Biosynthesis of nucleotide coenzymes (NAD, FAD, CoA) 2. General and molecular biochemistry 1. Compartment of biochemical in the cell 2. The structure, composition and properties of the cell membrane 3. Transport of substances across membranes, principle of pumps and channels, their importance 4. Formation and toxicity of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species 5. Antioxidants (enzymatic and low molecular antioxidant systems), role in living systems 6. Enzymes general characteristics, structure and functions 7. Terminology, classification and distribution of enzymes

3 8. Catalysis of biochemical reactions. Mechanism of enzyme action. Specificity of enzymes 9. Constitution and induction enzymes, repression of enzymes, regulation of enzymatic activity 10. Kinetics of enzymatic reactions, Michaelis-Menten constant Km. Inhibition of enzymatic reactions 11. Allosteric enzymes effectors and inhibitors, significance in metabolism 12. Isoenzymes. Multienzyme complexes - examples, biologic roles 13. Coenzymes of oxidoreductases and transferases 14. Coenzymes of lyases, ligases and isomerases 15. Coenzymes of carboxylation and decarboxylation reactions 16. Coenzymes that carry single carbon units 17. Activity of enzymes and its determination, physical and chemical effects 18. General regulation mechanisms of catalytic activity in living systems (expression, allosteric effects, covalent modification) 19. The structure and function of nucleic acids. The genetic code and its features 20. Organization of prokaryotic, eukaryotic and mitochondrial genome. The human genome, DNA sequencing techniques 21. DNA replication in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, regulation, inhibition 22. DNA repair, significance and limitations of reparations 23. Transcription of DNA. Regulation of gene expression at the transcriptional level, inhibitors 24. Biosynthesis of mrna, rrna and trna 25. Proteosynthesis in prokaryotic, eukaryotic cells and mitochondria 26. Posttranslational modifications of proteins. Sorting and transport of proteins 27. Biosynthesis of glycoproteins. Formation of proteins and chaperons post synthetic corrections 28. Synthesis of secretory and membrane proteins. Vesicular transport - endocytosis and exocytosis. 29. The structure of collagen, elastin, fibronectin, laminin, keratin - the importance, biochemical functions 30. Synthesis and post-translational modifications of collagen and other proteins 31. Inhibition of proteosynthesis by exogenic substances 32. Regulation of transcription and translation. Transcription factors, DNA binding proteins inhibitors 33. Gene manipulations (e.g. restriction endonucleases, cloning, PCR, gene therapy) 34. Inhibitors of nucleic acids biosynthesis 35. Telomeres and telomerase 36. Phosphorylation as regulatory mechanism (protein kinases, phosphatases) 37. The nature of gene mutations, inherited and acquired mutations, polymorphisms, mini and microsatellite markers, detection methods 38. Viruses - DNA and RNA, retroviruses - structure and replication 39. The role of proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes 40. Ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of proteins 41. Biochemistry of apoptosis 42. Epigenetics, histone modification, DNA methylation, importance 43. Membrane receptors and their ligands, G-proteins 44. Types and roles of second messengers 45. Signal transduction cascade of cytokines and growth factors

4 46. Activation of phospholipases and lipid derivates signalling pathways 47. NO signalling, overview of signalling pathways and their importance 48. Intracellular receptors and their ligands, heat shock proteins, interaction of intracellular receptors with DNA 49. Amplification, integration and mutual communication ("cross-talk") of signalling pathways 50. The role of Ca 2+ phospholipase under the action of hormones 3. Biochemistry of organs and tissues 1. Biosynthesis, regulation and disorders of hem and hemoglobin synthesis 2. Biosynthesis and degradation of tetrapyrrols, regulation, disorders 3. Degradation of hemoglobin - chemical nature, disorders, bile pigments 4. Biochemistry of digestion and resorption of carbohydrates, glucose transport in the target organs 5. Non-hydrolysable carbohydrates, prebiotics effect of carbohydrate foods on the resorption of minerals 6. Glycaemia, regulation, diagnostics 7. Metabolism of adipose tissue 8. Mutual relation between metabolism of saccharides, lipids and proteins 9. Metabolism of water and its function in living systems. Hormonal regulation of the water content 10. Blood, its composition and function biochemical aspects 11. Buffering systems of the organism, function and significance for acid-base balance 12. Proteins of blood plasma, source, function 13. Methods for determination and fractionation of blood proteins, diagnostic significance 14. Metabolism of erythrocytes 15. Biochemical mechanism of hem coagulation, role of thrombocytes 16. Transport of O2 and CO2. Biochemical mechanisms and disorders 17. Disorders of acid-base balance, the role of the lungs, kidneys and other organs 18. Factors affecting resorption of minerals from food, roads of resorption and excretion 19. Metabolism of Ca, P and Mg, their regulation and associated diseases 20. Metabolism of Na, K and Cl and osmotic balance 21. Fe metabolism, occurrence in the body, the role, regulation of resorption, transport, storage and synthesis of Fe proteins 22. Nutritional disorders, quantitative (malnutrition, obesity) and qualitative (lack of proteins, essential amino acids and FA, vitamins, min. substances). Food intolerance and food allergies 23. Biochemistry of digestion and resorption of lipids. Omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids and their impact on health 24. Biochemistry of protein digestion and resorption of fission products and their effects on food quality. The biological value of proteins, amino acids composition 25. Hormones - chemical structure, significance, disorders 26. Hormones with receptors on surface of cells chemical structure, function in the regulation 27. Hormones with intracellular receptors - chemical structure, function in the regulation 28. Local mediators, cytokines

5 29. Inactivation of hormones and neurotransmitters and their use in medicine 30. Biochemistry of liver. Main tasks. Metabolic pathway which occur only, or almost exclusively in the liver. Different metabolic activity of hepatocytes located in lobulus hepaticus 31. Metabolism of xenobiotics. Reactions of activation phase 32. Metabolism of xenobiotics. Reactions of conjugative phase 33. Biochemical diagnostic of hepatocytes damage and liver functions 34. Biochemistry of kidney. Actions taking place in the proximal tubule and loop of Henle 35. Biochemistry of kidney. Actions taking place in the distal tubules and collecting ducts 36. The role of the kidneys in regulation of ABR, blood pressure and extracellular and intracellular fluid volume. Principles of diuretics action. Gluconeogenesis during acidosis 37. Diagnostic possibilities of nephrons damage and renal functions 38. The composition and metabolism of hard tissue. Mineralization and bone demineralization 39. Biochemistry of skin and blood vessels. Importance of vitamin D 40. The metabolism of connective tissue (e.g. collagen, elastin, GAG) 41. Biochemistry of senses (vision, hearing, smell, taste, touch) 42. Biochemistry of CNS. The importance and influence of the hematoencefalic barrier to energy metabolism and metabolism of nutrients 43. Biochemistry of nervous tissue, neurotransmitters. Biochemistry of neurodegenerative diseases 44. Proteins od muscle fibers and their roles in muscle contraction 45. Biochemistry of contraction and relaxation of skeletal, heart and smooth muscle 46. Metabolism of muscle tissue, role of creatine, glycogen and oxidative and anaerobic 47. The effect of some substances on the transfer of excitation neuromuscular junction (organophosphates, curare, botulinum toxin, muscle relaxants). Biochemical diagnostics of muscular diseases 48. Biological material and its processing in clinical biochemistry 49. Factors affecting reliability of biochemical results and their interpretation 50. Urine - physiological and pathological components, the diagnostic value