Essentials of Physical Anthropology

Transcription

1 Lecture Slides Essentials of Physical Anthropology THIRD EDITION Clark Spencer Larsen

2 Genes and Their Evolution: Population Genetics 4 Larsen. Essentials of Physical Anthropology

3 Genes and Their Evolution: Population Genetics Donna Proctor, Photographer- Leafy Sea Dragons Question addressed in this chapter: What causes evolutionary (genetic) change?

4 Demes, Reproductive Isolation, and Deme: a local population that interbreeds Gene pool: all the genetic information in a breeding population Reproductive isolation: mechanism that prevents two populations from interbreeding Species: groups of reproductively isolated organisms. Species Kevin Schafer/Corbis Mark Boulton/ Science Source

5 Demes, Reproductive Isolation, and Species Scott T. Smith/ Corbis Colin Keates/DK Limited/Corbis Somchai Som/ Shutterstock Jonathan Blair/ Corbis Lynda Richardson/Corbis Colin Keates/ DK Limited/ Corbis

6 Microevolution and Macroevolution

7 Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium: A Test for Evolution p 2 + 2pq + q 2 = 1

8 Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium: A Test for Evolution

9 Mutation: The Only Source of New Point mutation Synonymous Nonsynonymous Frameshift mutation Transposable elements Spontaneous mutations 1 new mutation/person born Induced mutations Alleles

10 Mutation: The Only Source of New Alleles Duplications Chromosomal duplications Trisomy Klinefelter syndrome W. Perry Conway/ Corbis DK Limited/ Corbis Anthony Bannister/ Science Source Eye of Science/ Science Source

11 Natural Selection: Advantageous Characteristics, Survival, and Reproduction Stephen Frink Collection/ Alamy

12 Patterns of Natural Selection Stephen Mark Ridley: Figure from Evolution, p. 77. Copyright 2004 by Blackwell Science Ltd., a Blackwell Publishing Company. Reproduced with permission of Blackwell Publishing Ltd.Collection/ Alamy

13 1848: melanic moth discovered 1950: 90% of moths melanic Natural Selection Example: Peppered Moth Industrial Revolution Michael Willmer Forbes Tweedie/ Science Source Roger Tidman/ Corbis

14 Natural Selection Example: Peppered Moth

15 Natural Selection Example: Peppered Moth

16 Natural Selection Example: Sickle-Cell Anemia and Malaria Dr. Gopal Murti/ Science Source

17 Natural Selection Example: Sickle-Cell Anemia and Malaria Jen Christiansen: Figure: Malaria Cycle, originally printed in Tackling Malaria by Claire P. Dunavan, Scientific American, Vol. 293, No. 6, Dec. 2005, p. 79. Reprinted by permission.

18 Natural Selection Example: Sickle-Cell Anemia and Malaria AA AS SS Normal red blood cells but susceptible to malaria Normal red blood cells; immune to malaria Sickle-cell anemia Balanced polymorphism

19 Natural Selection Example: Sickle-Cell Anemia and Malaria Frank Livingstone Bantu Migration brought both A allele and agriculture Biocultural interaction between agriculture, malaria, and sickle-cell anemia Reuters/ Corbis Paul Hilton/epa/Corbis

20 Natural Selection Example: Sickle-Cell Anemia and Malaria Hemoglobin polygenic Thalassemia G9PD

21 Genetic Drift: Genetic Change Due to Chance

22 Genetic Drift Exogamous and endogamous Dunkers Discourages outside marriage Starting size = 28 Drift in blood type frequencies

23 Genetic Drift and the Founder Effect Native American blood type O

24 Genetic Drift and Huntington s Chorea Huntington s chorea Conor Caffrey/ Science Source Acey Harper/ Time Life Pictures/ Getty Images

25 Gene Flow

26 Gene Flow Exogamous: more gene flow, more genetic variation Endogamous: less gene flow, less genetic variation Patrilocal Males remain in birthplace; females migrate Matrilocal Females remain in birthplace; males migrate

27 What Causes Evolution?

28 Lecture Slides Essentials of Physical Anthropology THIRD EDITION Clark Spencer Larsen