Foot-and-Mouth Disease situation Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Monthly Report

Transcription

1 Foot-and-Mouth Disease situation Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Monthly Report February 2013 I N F O R M A T I O N S O U R C E S U S E D: Databases: *OIE WAHID World Animal Health Information Database* *FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD)* Other sources: *FAO/EuFMD supported FMD networks* *FAO/EuFMD projects and field officers* ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: Indian Council of Agricultural Research The sources for information are referenced by using superscripts. The key to the superscripts is on the last page Please, note that the use of information and boundaries of territories should not be considered to be the view of the U.N. Please, always refer to the OIE for official information on reported outbreaks and country status. 1

2 I. GENERAL OVERVIEW Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) distribution by Serotype and the seven virus pools, (Map 1) Pools represent independently circulating and evolving FMDV genotypes; within the pools, cycles of emergence and spread occur that usually affect multiple countries in the region. In the absence of specific reports, it should be assumed that the serotypes indicated below are continuously circulating in parts of the pool area and would be detected if sufficient surveillance was in place (Table 1). Map 1: Foot-and-mouth disease virus pools distribution,

3 Table 1: List of countries representing each virus pool POOL REGION/COUNTRIES SEROTYPES 1 CENTRAL/EAST ASIA (Cambodia, China (People's Rep. of), China (Hong Kong, SAR),China (Taiwan Province), Japan, Korea (DPR), Korea (Rep. of), Laos PDR, Malaysia, Mongolia, O, A, Asia 1 Myanmar, Russian Federation, Thailand, Viet Nam) 2 SOUTH ASIA Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka O, A, Asia 1 3 WEST EURASIA & MIDDLE EAST (Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bulgaria, Egypt, Georgia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Libya, Oman, Pakistan, O, A, Asia 1 Palestine Autonomous Territories, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syrian Arab Republic, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan) 4 EASTERN AFRICA (Burundi, Comoros, Congo D. R., Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Libya, O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2 Rwanda, Somalia, North Sudan, South Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Yemen) 5 WEST/CENTRAL AFRICA (Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central Afr. Rep., Chad, Congo D. R., Congo R., Cote d'ívoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea Biss., Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Sao Tome Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo) O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2 6 SOUTHERN AFRICA {O, A}*, SAT 1, SAT (Angola, Botswana, Congo D. R., Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, 2, SAT 3 Zambia, Zimbabwe) 7 SOUTH AMERICA (Ecuador, Paraguay, Venezuela) O, A * ONLY IN NORTH ZAMBIA AS OVERSPILL FROM POOL 4 Egypt and Libya are indicated as being in multiple pools, since they have evidence of FMDV originating from 2 or more pools in the recent past (4 years). 3

4 II. HEADLINE NEWS POOL 1 China 1 FMD outbreak in cattle, in Deji Village, Qushui, Lasha, TIBET. Viet Nam 9 3 FMD outbreaks in January 2013, 2 FMD outbreaks in February 2013 were reported. Malaysia 9 1 FMD outbreak was reported in January POOL 2 Nepal 2 FMD serotype O outbreaks in Kathmandu districts were reported in all susceptible species. India outbreaks of FMD were reported in February 2013, caused by FMD virus serotypes O (23), and Asia 1 (2) POOL 3 Iran 2 - During February 2013, 67 FMD outbreaks were reported. Turkey 2 In Anatolia region, serotypes O, A and Asia 1 are still circulating. POOL 4 Tanzania 2 - FMD outbreak confirmed in Ngara District. POOL 5 Democratic Republic of the Congo 14 FMD has been continuously reported in Ruzizi plain (South-Kivu). POOL 6 South Africa 17 the proposed FMD-free zone in South Africa does not fulfill the relevant international requirements as defined in the Terrestrial Animal Health Code of the OIE. POOL 7 No new events have been reported for this reporting period. COUNTER *** 14 MONTHS SINCE LAST OUTBREAK IN SOUTH AMERICA HAS BEEN REPORTED *** 101 MONTHS SINCE LAST C SEROTYPE OUTBREAK HAS BEEN REPORTED 4

5 III. DETAIL POOL ANALYSIS P O O L 1 CENTRAL / EAST ASIA China 1 Reported FMD outbreak is continuation of the event which started in February 2012 with morbidity rate 35.14%. In response to outbreak, vaccination of susceptible species in several divisions were conducted. FMDV was confirmed by ELISA, RT-PCR and virus isolation at Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute (National laboratory) (OIE s Reference Laboratory). Viet Nam 9 3 FMD outbreaks in January 2013 were caused by serotype O. Samples from outbreaks in February 2013 were not taken and the disease was not confirmed by laboratory tests (Map 2). Malaysia 9 1 FMD outbreak was reported in January 2013 (Map 3). The serotype of involved FMDV was not determined. Map 2: FMD outbreaks in Viet Nam Map3: FMD outbreaks in Malaysia 5

6 FMD in most central and eastern Asia countries is endemic (Map 4). Brunei and Japan are the only countries in this region with the free FMD status where vaccination is not practiced. There is a zone covering the provinces of Sabah and Sarawak in Malaysia which is designated as FMD free without vaccination. In China, the main threat comes from O/Mya-98 strain and PanAsia strain. The O/Mya-98 strain mainly affects pigs, although cattle and goat/sheep can also show clinical signs in some field cases. However, the type O PanAsia strain mainly affects cattle. Map 4: FMD distribution by serotypes Epidemiological analysis indicates that animal movements associated with trade are the main factors for the spread of the FMD and for transmission between provinces in China. Both Mya- 98 and PanAsia strains of FMDV sequences from PR China had a close relationship with those sequences from outbreaks in Southeast Asian nations 6. FMD history in past 2 years is given in Table 2. 6

7 Table 2: Pool 1 FMD history COUNTRY/6 MONTHS REPORTING TO OIE FMD HISTORY (past 2 years) LAST OUTBREAK REPORTED/TYPE OIE FMD STATUS CAMBODIA, , 2012 NOT TYPED 1 OCT 2012/NOT TYPED 1 DISEASE PRESENT CHINA (PEOPLE'S REP. OF), 2011, ½ , 2012, 2013 O 1, 16 FEB 2013/O 1 DISEASE PRESENT CHINA (HONG KONG, 2011 O 1, 5 SAR), O 3 NOV 2012/O 3 DISEASE PRESENT CHINA (TAIWAN O 5 PROVINCE), 2012 O 1 NO OIE DATA NOV 2012/O 1 UNKNOWN JAPAN, , NO REPORTED OUTBREAKS 1 JULY 2010/O 1, 5 FREE WITHOUT VACCINATION KOREA (DPR), O 1, 5 MARCH 2011/O 1 2/22011 NOT ½ 2011-PRESENT REPORTED KOREA (REP. OF), 2011 LAOS PDR, MALAYSIA, 2011, ½ O 1, 5 APR 2011/O 1 2/22011 NOT ½ 2011-PRESENT REPORTED 2011, O 9 DEC 2012/O 9 UNKNOWN 2011 O, A 1, O, A 1, NOT TYPED 9 JAN 2013/NOT TYPED 9 FMD FREE ZONE WHERE VACCINATION IS NOT PRACTISED MONGOLIA, O /O 10 ONE OR, ½ 2011 LIMITED ON 2/ NOT REPORTED MYANMAR, O 1 FEB2012/O 9 DISEASE PRESENT RUSSIAN FEDERATION, 2011 THAILAND, 2011, ½ 2012 VIET NAM, O 1 ½ 2011 NOT 2012 O 1 MAR 2012/O 1 REPORTED, 2/ DISEASE PRESENT 2011 O, A 1, O, A 1, 5 OCT 2012/A, O 1 DISEASE PRESENT 2011 O 1, A, O 5 NOV 2012/O 5 DISEASE PRESENT 7

8 II P O O L 2 SOUTH ASIA Nepal 2 FMD outbreaks, causing severe lesions in pigs, have been continuing to appear in Kathmandu district. FMDV serotype O was confirmed by Ag ELISA. India 15 During February 2013, 25 outbreaks of FMD were reported: in West Bengal (6), Madhya Pradesh (3), Bihar (2), Kerala (1), Odisha (2), Arunachal Pradesh (3), Assam (2), Manipur (1) and Karnataka (5). These outbreaks were caused by serotypes O (23) and Asia 1 (2), FMD virus. The direct economic loss during the period of outbreaks in West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Kerala, Gujarat, Odisha, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur and Karnataka was ~ ,00 USD (loss of milk, mortality, cost of treatment and loss of draught power). South Asia is known to be an FMD endemic area but very limited data on serotypes is available (Map 5). The PD-FMD at Mukteswar (FMD Reference laboratory for South Asia) is active in this region and is requested to provide information on FMD circulation that will assist improved understanding of virus circulation. FMD history in past 2 years is given in Table 3. Map 5: FMD distribution by serotypes COUNTRY/6 MONTHS REPORTING TO OIE Table 3: Pool 2 FMD history LAST OUTBREAK FMD HISTORY (past 2 years) REPORTED/TYPE OIE FMD STATUS BANGLADESH, O, A, Asia 1 6 NOT AVAILABLE ½ 2011DISEASE PRESENT, 2/ LIMITED TO ONE OR BHUTAN, , 2012 O 5 NOV 2012/O 5 DISEASE PRESENT INDIA, , 2012, 2013 O, A, Asia 1 1, 15 FEB 2013/O, Asia 1 3, 15 LIMITED TO ONE OR NEPAL, O, A, Asia 1 1, DEC2012/O2 DISEASE PRESENT SRI LANKA, , 2012 O 1, /O 5 PRESENT 2/22011 NOT ½ DISEASE REPORTED 8

9 P O O L 3 WEST EURASIA & MIDDLE EAST Iran 2 - During February 2013, 67 FMD outbreaks were reported (Map 6, Table 4) with evident dominance of serotype A. Serotyping results are shown in graph 1. Qom province is the major hot point area in the country. Map 6: FMD outbreaks February 2013 Table 4: FMD outbreaks February 2013 POSITIVE NO OF TOTAL NEGATIVE UNSUITABLE SAMPLES POSITIVE A O ASIA 1 FEB ` Graph 1: Serotyping results October 2010 February

10 In samples collected during the period October 2012 January 2013 from Alborz and Neyshabour, serotype A was confirmed, presented by two sublineages, A/ASIA/Iran-05 SIS-10 and A/ASIA/Iran-05 AFG-07. From samples taken in January 2013 in Qom, serotype O was derived, presented by O/ME-SA/PanAsia-2 FAR-09 and O/ME-SA/PanAsia-2 ANT-10. The both, serotype A and O isolates, were less than 2% divergent from viruses isolated from this region in last 2 years. FMD history in past 2 years is given in Table 5 and Map 7. Map 7: FMD distribution by serotypes

11 Table 5: Pool 3 FMD history COUNTRY/6 MONTHS LAST OUTBREAK FMD HISTORY (past 2 years) REPORTING TO OIE REPORTED/TYPE OIE FMD STATUS AFGHANISTAN, O, A, Asia 1 1, 5 DEC DISEASE PRESENT ARMENIA, 2011 MONTHLY REPORTS 2011, 2012 NO REPORTED NOT REPORTED IN THIS REGULARLY SUBMITTED OUTBREAKS 1 NOT AVAILABLE TO EUFMD AZERBAIJAN, 2011 MONTHLY REPORTS REGULARLY SUBMITTED TO EUFMD BAHRAIN, 2011 BULGARIA, 2011, ½ , 2012 NO REPORTED OUTBREAKS 1 JUN NOT REPORTED IN THIS 2011 O, A, Asia O 5 5 LIMITED TO ONE OR MAR 2012/O ½ 2011 DISEASE 2011 O 1, 5 JUN 2011/O 1 PRESENT, 2/22011, NOT REPORTED IN THIS 2011 A, O 1, O, A, SAT 2 1, 5 JUN 2012/SAT NOT REPORTED, DISEASE PRESENT EGYPT, 2011, ½ 2012 GEORGIA, 2011 MONTHLY REPORTS 2011, 2012 NO REPORTED REGULARLY SUBMITTED OUTBREAKS NOT REPORTED IN THIS TO EUFMD IRAN, , 2012, 2013 O, A, Asia 1 5 FEB 2013/O 5, A 2, Asia 1 5 DISEASE PRESENT IRAQ, O,A A /A DISEASE PRESENT ISRAEL, O O 5 MAR 2012/O 5 DISEASE PRESENT JORDAN, , 2012 NO REPORTED OUTBREAKS NOT REPORTED IN THIS KAZAKHSTAN, O, A O, A 5 MAY 2012/O 10 DISEASE PRESENT KUWAIT, , 2012 O 5 FEB 2012/O 5 DISEASE PRESENT KYRGYZSTAN, O, A 1 NOV 2011/O, A 1 LIMITED TO ONE OR LEBANON, , 2012 NO REPORTED OUTBREAKS 1 03/ NOT REPORTED IN THIS LIBYA, 2011 O O, SAT 2 5 APR , 5 DISEASE PRESENT OMAN, NO DATA AVAILABLE DEC DISEASE PRESENT PAKISTAN, Asia 1, O 2012 O, A, Asia 1 5, 13 JUN 2012/O, Asia 1, A 5, 13 LIMITED TO ONE OR AUTONOMOUS TERRITORIES PALESTINE, O, A, Asia SAT 2 1, 5 5 LIMETED TO ONE OR APR 2012/SAT 2 QATAR, 2011 NO DATA AVAILABLE ½ 2011 NOT REPORTED, 2/22011DISEASE PRESENT SAUDI ARABIA, O 5 JULY 2012/O 5 DISEASE PRESENT SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC, , 2012 NO REPORTED OUTBREAKS 1 03/ NOT REPORTED IN THIS 11

12 TAJIKISTAN, Asia 1 1 NOV 2011/Asia 1 1 REPORTED, 2/ ½ 2011 NOT DISEASE PRESENT TURKEY, 2011, ½ 2012 MONTHLY REPORTS REGULARLY SUBMITTED TO EUFMD TURKMENISTAN UZBEKISTAN 2011 Asia 1, A, O 5, Asia 1, A 5, O 1 DEC 2012/O, A 5, Asia 1 1 DISEASE PRESENT NO DATA AVAILABLE NO DATA AVAILABLE UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 12

13 P O O L 4 EASTERN AFRICA Tanzania 2 - FMD outbreak confirmed in Ngara District. The outbreak in Tanzania followed FMD in neighbouring Districts of Kibungo (Rwanda) and Muyinga (Burundi). East Africa is known to be FMD endemic area but with limited available data (Map 8). FMD history in past 2 years is given in Table 6. Map 8: FMD distribution by serotypes Table 6: Pool 4 FMD history COUNTRY/6 MONTHS LAST OUTBREAK FMD HISTORY (past 2 years) REPORTING TO OIE REPORTED/TYPE OIE FMD STATUS BURUNDI, O, A, SAT 1, SAT UNKNOWN COMOROS, DISEASE SUSPECTED SUSPECTED NOT BUT NOT CONFIRMED CONFIRMED CONGO D. R., , 2012 O, A, SAT /2012 7, NO PRECISE LIMITED TO ONE OR DATA DJIBOUTI, ABSENT 1 NOT AVAILABLE NOT REPORTED IN THIS EGYPT, 2011 A, O 1, , ½ SAT 2 1, NOT REPORTED, JUN 2012/SAT DISEASE PRESENT ERITREA, 2011 O 5 DEC 2011/O 5 UNKNOWN ETHIOPIA, A, SAT 1, O 5, O /O 5 DISEASE PRESENT KENYA, O, SAT 1, SAT 2 1, , 2013 SAT 2, A 7 JAN 2013/A, SAT2 7 DISEASE PRESENT LIBYA, 2011 O O, SAT 2 5,7 APR , 5 DISEASE PRESENT RWANDA, 2011 ABSENT NOT TYPED 2 NOV 2012/NOT TYPED2 UNKNOWN SOMALIA, NO DATA AVAILABLE DISEASE PRESENT NORTH SUDAN, A, O 1 DEC DISEASE PRESENT SOUTH SUDAN, , 2012 O, SAT 1, SAT 2, A DISEASE PRESENT 13

14 TANZANIA, 2011 UGANDA, 2011 YEMEN, 2011 SAT 1(buffalo), SAT 2 (cattle), O 7, SAT3 1, 5 MAY-JULY 2012/A, O, SAT 1, 2012 A, O, SAT 1, SAT 2 5 SAT O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2, 7, 2, 1 SAT3 NOV NO AVAILABLE DATA DISEASE PRESENT DISEASE PRESENT 14

15 P O O L 5 WEST/CENTRAL AFRICA Democratic Republic of the Congo 14 The epidemic which started at beginning of November 2012, in Ruzizi plain and around Uvira city, is still continuing. FMD was not confirmed by laboratory tests. Foot and mouth disease is endemic in West Africa (Map 9). In Gabon, Sierra Leone, Mauritania, Guinea, Guinea Biss. FMD has not been reported at least in the last 3 years. FMD history in past 2 years is given in Table 7. Map 9: FMD distribution by serotypes Table 7: Pool 5 FMD history COUNTRY/6 MONTHS LAST OUTBREAK FMD HISTORY (past 2 years) REPORTING TO OIE REPORTED/TYPE OIE FMD STATUS BENIN, A, O, SAT 1, SAT 2 4, 1 DEC 2011/O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2 1 DISEASE PRESENT BURKINA FASO, , 2012 O, A, SAT 2 4 NO PRECISE DATA, DEC DISEASE PRESENT CAMEROON, O, A, SAT 2 4, DISEASE PRESENT CAPE VERDE, NO DATA AVAILABLE CENTRAL AFR. REP NO DATA AVAILABLE DISEASE PRESENT CHAD, 2011, 2012 A, SAT /20124, NO PRECISE DATA UNKNOWN CONGO D. R., , 2012 O, A, SAT 1 4 DEC LIMITED TO ONE OR /NOT TYPED CONGO R., NO DATA AVAILABLE COTE D'ÍVOIRE, SAT 1, A 1, O, SAT LIMITED TO ONE OR EQUATORIAL GUINEA, DISEASE SUSPECTED, NO DATA AVAILABLE 2011 NOT CONFIRMED GABON, ABSENT 1 NO IN NEVER REPORTED GAMBIA, 2011, 2012 O, A, SAT /O DISEASE PRESENT GHANA, O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2 4, /O 1 DISEASE PRESENT GUINEA BISS., 2011, ½ , 2012 ABSENT 1 NO IN NOT REPORTED IN THIS 15

16 GUINEA, 2011, ½ 2012 LIBERIA, Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation 2011, 2012 ABSENT 1 NO IN NOT REPORTED IN THIS 2011, 2012 A, SAT /2012 4, NO PRECISE UNKNOWN DATA 2011/2012 O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2011/2012 4, NO PRECISE LIMITED TO ONE OR MALI, , 1 DATA MAURITANIA, , 2012 ABSENT 1 NO IN NOT REPORTED IN THIS NIGER, 2011 NIGERIA, 2011, ½ 2012 SAO TOME PRINCIPE, SENEGAL, /2012 O, A, SAT 1, SAT NO PRECISE DATA, 2 4, 1 OCT /2012 O, A 4, 1 OCT/NOV 2012/A, O, SAT 1, SAT 2 4 NO DATA AVAILABLE LIMITED TO ONE OR DISEASE PRESENT 2011/2012 O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2 4, 1 4 DISEASE PRESENT 2012/O, A, SAT 1 SIERRA LEONE, , 2012 ABSENT 1 OCT NOT REPORTED IN THIS TOGO, , 2012 O, SAT 1 1, 4, /O 4 DISEASE PRESENT 16

17 P O O L 6 SOUTHERN AFRICA South Africa 17 - the Scientific Commission of the OIE concluded that the proposed FMD-free zone in South Africa does not fulfill the relevant international requirements as defined in the Terrestrial Animal Health Code of the OIE. The main concerns raised by the OIE include aspects of the application including the consistency of the area defined as free, the test used for the surveillance and, the vaccine used in the handling of the outbreak in KwaZulu-Natal. Swaziland and Lesotho are free from FMD without vaccination. Also, there is a zone in both Botswana and Namibia which is FMD free without, since 2010 and 1997 respectively (Map 10). FMD history in past 2 years is given in Table 8. Map 10: FMD distribution by serotypes COUNTRY/6 MONTHS REPORTING TO OIE ANGOLA, Table 8: Pool 6 FMD history LAST OUTBREAK FMD HISTORY (past 2 years) REPORTED/TYPE OIE FMD STATUS NO REPORTED OUTBREAKS DEC. 2010/ SAT 2 1 UNKNOWN APR 2012/SAT 2 1 DISEASE PRESENT BOTSWANA, SAT 2 5 SAT 2 1 FMD FREE ZONE WHERE 2012 SAT 2 1 OCT 2012/ SAT 2 1 VACCINATION IS NOT PRACTISED CONGO D. R., , 2012 O, A, SAT /2012 9, NO PRECISE LIMITED TO ONE OR DATA MALAWI, SAT 2 1 OCT DISEASE PRESENT MOZAMBIQUE, SAT 2 1 JUN 2011/SAT 2 1 DISEASE PRESENT NAMIBIA, SAT 1 1 FMD FREE ZONE WHERE 2012 SAT 1 1 JAN 2012/SAT 11 VACCINATION IS NOT PRACTISED 2011 SAT 1 1 SOUTH AFRICA, 2011 SAT SAT 2 1 ZAMBIA, SAT 1 5, SAT 2 1 JUN 2012/SAT 1 5 DISEASE PRESENT ZIMBABWE, SAT /NOT TYPED /NOT TYPED 12 DISEASE PRESENT 17

18 P O O L 7 SOUTH AMERICA Most South America countries are FMD free with (Uruguay)/without (Chile, Guyana) vaccination or with free zones with/without vaccination. Small areas of the continent are considered as endemic but clinical cases are rare (Map 11). FMD history in past 2 years is given in Table 9. Map 11: FMD distribution by serotypes Table 9: Pool 7 FMD history COUNTRY/6 MONTHS REPORTING TO OIE ECUADOR, 2011, ½ 2012 FMD HISTORY (past 2 years) LAST REPORTED/TYPE COUNTRY FMD STATUS O 1, 8 AUG 2011/O 1, 8 PRESENT, DISEASE NOT REPORTED PARAGUAY, O 1, 8 DEC 2011/O 1, 8 REPORTED, 2/ LIMITED TO ONE ½ 2011 NOT OR VENEZUELA, 2011 O 8 NO SUBM. A 8 REPORTS 2011/O, A 8 UNKNOWN CONTROL MEASURES ROUTINE VACCINATION - CATTLE ROUTINE VACCINATION CATTLE, BUFFALOES 18

19 The key to the superscripts is below: 1. WAHID Interface OIE World Animal Health Information Database 2. Reports from FAO/EuFMD projects and field officers 3. Dr. Esther TO: Foot and Mouth Disease Hong Kong Situation, Update; Animal Management Division Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, 10 August FAO/EuFMD supported FMD networks (RESOLAB-FMD West Africa) 5. World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease (WRLFMD), 6. Conference on Scientific Developments and Technical Challenges in the Progressive Control of FMD in South Asia, New Delhi, India, February FAO/EuFMD supported FMD networks (EARLN-FMD Eastern Africa) 8. SENASA, Argentina 9. SEAFMD 10. Open session of the EuFMD, Jerez de la Frontera, Spain October Ministry of Agriculture Animal Industry and Fisheries. National Animal Disease Diagnostics and Epidemiology Centre (NADDEC) P.o. BOX 513, Entebbe, Uganda 12. Dr C Njagu (Division of Veterinary Field Services): Current status of the livestock sector in Zimbabwe, ACWG MEETING OF 31STMAY Pakistan FMD Bulletin, Vol 1 (1-2), January-June, Laboratorie veterinarie de Goma, DRC 15. Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Mukteswar Nainital Uttrakhand, OIE/China national FMD reference laboratory 17. Republic of South Africa, Department of agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries 19