Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Monthly Report

Transcription

1 Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Monthly Report September 2013 I N F O R M A T I O N S O U R C E S U S E D: Databases: OIE WAHID World Animal Health Information Database FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD) FAO Global Animal Disease Information System (EMPRES-i) Other sources: FAO/EuFMD supported FMD networks FAO/EuFMD projects and field officers The sources for information are referenced by using superscripts. The key to the superscripts is on the last page Please, note that the use of information and boundaries of territories should not be considered to be the view of the U.N. Please, always refer to the OIE for official information on reported outbreaks and country status. 1

2 Contents I. GENERAL OVERVIEW... 3 II. HEADLINE NEWS... 5 III. DETAILED POOL ANALYSIS... 7 A. POOL 1 Central / East Asia... 7 B. POOL 2 South Asia C. POOL 3 West Eurasia & Middle East D. POOL 4 Eastern Africa E. POOL 5 West / Central Africa F. POOL 6 Southern Africa G. POOL 7 South America IV. OTHER NEWS V. REFERENCES

3 I. GENERAL OVERVIEW Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus pools: world distribution by serotypes in (Map 1) Pools represent independently circulating and evolving FMDV genotypes; within the pools, cycles of emergence and spread occur that usually affect multiple countries in the region. In the absence of specific reports, it should be assumed that the serotypes indicated below are continuously circulating in parts of the pool area and would be detected if sufficient surveillance was in place (Table 1). Map 1: Foot-and-mouth disease virus pools distribution,

4 Table 1: List of countries representing each virus pool POOL REGION/COUNTRIES SEROTYPES 1 CENTRAL/EAST ASIA (Cambodia, China (People's Rep. of), China (Hong Kong, SAR),China (Taiwan Province), Japan, Korea (DPR), Korea (Rep. of), Laos PDR, Malaysia, Mongolia, O, A, Asia 1 Myanmar, Russian Federation, Thailand, Viet Nam) 2 SOUTH ASIA Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka O, A, Asia 1 3 WEST EURASIA & MIDDLE EAST (Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bulgaria, Egypt, Georgia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Libya, Oman, O, A, Asia 1 Pakistan, Palestine Autonomous Territories, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syrian Arab Republic, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan) 4 EASTERN AFRICA (Burundi, Comoros, Congo D. R., Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Libya, O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2 Rwanda, Somalia, North Sudan, South Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Yemen) 5 WEST/CENTRAL AFRICA (Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central Afr. Rep., Chad, Congo D. R., Congo R., Cote d'ívoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea Biss., Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Sao Tome Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo) O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2 6 SOUTHERN AFRICA {O, A}*, SAT 1, (Angola, Botswana, Congo D. R., Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, SAT 2, SAT 3 Zambia, Zimbabwe) 7 SOUTH AMERICA (Ecuador, Paraguay, Venezuela) O, A * ONLY IN NORTH ZAMBIA AS OVERSPILL FROM POOL 4 Egypt and Libya are indicated as being in multiple pools, since they have evidence of FMDV originating from 2 or more pools in the recent past (4 years). 4

5 II. HEADLINE NEWS POOL 1 China 1,5,18 - FMDV serotype A in Tibet Region and Xinjiang Province of China. Russia 1,5 Further FMDV type A outbreaks in Zabajkal skij Kray and Amurskaya Oblast. Mongolia 1 - FMDV type A outbreak in Ikh burhant, East Mongolia. POOL 2 India 2 FMD outbreaks in South India. High mortality in cattle and sheep due to FMD was announced in September. FMDV serotypes O, A and Asia 1 were detected in field samples. POOL 3 Libya 2,18 FMDV serotype O outbreaks in North Libya confirmed by the National Veterinary Laboratory in Tripoli. Iran 2-52 FMD outbreaks due to serotypes O and A of FMDV. No type Asia 1 detected. POOL 4 4 th Annual Meeting of East African Regional Laboratory Network (EARLN) was held in Entebbe, Uganda on 29 th -30 th August 2013 to update the current FMD situation in the region. POOL 5 Nigeria 2 FMDV serotypes A, SAT 1 and SAT 2 confirmed by the National FMD Research Centre, Vom, Nigeria. Senegal: 2 - Suspected FMD cases in Ross Béthio (North Senegal) and and Linguère (Central territories). POOL 6 No new events reported. POOL 7 No new events reported. COUNTER *** 21 MONTHS SINCE LAST OUTBREAK IN SOUTH AMERICA HAS BEEN REPORTED *** 108 MONTHS SINCE LAST C SEROTYPE OUTBREAK HAS BEEN REPORTED *** 4 MONTHS SINCE LAST AISA 1 SEROTYPE OUTBREAK HAS BEEN REPORTED IN IRAN 5

6 Map 2: Foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks in September 2013 (OIE, WAHID) Wide spread of FMDV serotype A in Central/East Asia. Further FMDV type A outbreaks have been reported in September 2013 in China, Russia and Mongolia. 6

7 III. DETAILED POOL ANALYSIS A. POOL 1 Central /East Asia China (People s Rep. of): 1,5,18 After the previous disease occurrence in Xinjiang Province in May 2013, a new type A FMD outbreak has been reported on 24 September 2013 in cattle in Xinjiang. (Map 3) The outbreak is located in North- West China. 2 out of 22 cattle were affected. Vaccination of small ruminants and cattle was applied as a part of disease control measures. Its known that A ASIA Sea-97 lineage is circulating on the Chinese territory in 2013, reaching Central Asian territories (Russia, Mongolia and Kazakhstan). Map 3: FMDV type A outbreak in Xinjiang Province, Sept (OIE) Map 4: FMDV type A outbreak in Laxi, Naqu, Tibet, Sept (OIE) FMDV A ASIA SEA 97 genetic lineage (G2 clade) is still present in Tibet Region of China, causing a further outbreak in Laxi, Baquing, Naqu (Tibet) on 5th of Sept (Map 4). Russian Federation: 1,5,18 Three new FMDV type A outbreaks have been reported in Zabajkal skij Kray (Kulusutai village, Ononskiy Region; Bogdanovka village, Krasnokamensky District and Kuti village, Priargunsky District) in September (Map 5). Clinical signs in cattle were observed in Kulusutai and Bogdanovka villages, and cattle and swine were affected in Kuti village. Other susceptible species (sheep and goats) were also presented in the affected villages with no clinical signs reported. The outbreaks are located in the buffer zone, about 8 km north from the Chinese border. The diagnosis was confirmed by FGBI ARRIAH as type A of FMD virus. The previous FMD cases in this region were detected in March-April 2013, caused by FMDV A Sea- 97 strain. 7

8 Further FMDV type A outbreak was reported in Amurskaya Oblast on 30-th September. 21 (out of 432) cattle were affected in Lozovoe village (Tambovskiy District) located in the buffer zone with vaccination. (Map 6). The diagnosis was confirmed by FGBI ÄRRIAH on 29-th of September using Ag ELISA and PCR. Map 5: FMDV type A outbreak in Zabajkal skij Kray, Sept (OIE) Map 6: FMDV type A outbreak in Amurskaya Oblast, Sept (OIE) Mongolia: 1 FMDV type A outbreak in cattle in Ikh burhant, Yalalt bag, Khalkh gol, DORNOD was confirmed by the State Central Veterinary Laboratory on 21-th of September 2013 (Map 7). The outbreak is located in East Mongolia, near to the border with Rep. of China. All 29 affected cattle were destroyed as a disease control measure. The previous type A (A ASIA Sea-97) outbreak was reported in Western Mongolia (Sar Bastay) in July Map 7: FMDV type A outbreak in East Mongolia in Sept (OIE) 8

9 FMD history for pool 1 in the past 2 years is given in Table 2, and map 8. Map 8: FMD distribution by serotypes Table 2: Pool 1 FMD history COUNTRY FMD HISTORY FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE in LAST OUTBREAK REPORTED/SEROTYPE CAMBODIA NOT TYPED 1 OCT 2012/O 24 CHINA (PEOPLE'S REP. OF) A, O 1, 16 SEPTEMBER 2013/A 1 CHINA (HONG KONG, SAR) O 1, 5 NOV 2012/O 3 CHINA (TAIWAN PROVINCE) O 1, 5 JUNE 2013/O 1 JAPAN NO REPORTED OUTBREAKS 1 JULY 2010/O 1, 5 KOREA (DPR) 2011 O 1, 5 MARCH 2011/O 1 KOREA (REP. OF) 2011 O 1, 5 APR 2011/O 1 LAOS PDR O 9 MARCH 2013/O 9 MALAYSIA O, A 1, NOT TYPED 9 JAN 2013/NOT TYPED 9 MONGOLIA O 10 SEPTEMBER 2013/A 1 MYANMAR 2011 O 1 FEB2012/O 9 RUSSIAN FEDERATION O A 1 SEPTEMBER 2013/A 1,5 THAILAND O, A 1, 5 OCT 2012/A, O 1 VIET NAM 2011 O 1, A, O A 18 APR 2013/A 18 9

10 B. POOL 2 South Asia Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation 2,5,15,18, 24 India: Eight clinical samples were processed for FMDV serotyping in August Sequencing data (1D) was generated for four type O and two type Asia1 field isolates. All type O isolates belong to O ME-SA Ind 2001 lineage, which reemerged in late 2008 and is still present in the country. Asia 1 samples belong to genotype ASIA, lineage C. As a part of the regular sero-surveillance in the country serum samples from cattle, buffaloes and pigs were tested by LPBE (Liquid Phase Blocking ELISA) and 1043 samples by I-ELISA (for NSP Ab detection) in PD-FMD (Mukteswar). High mortality in cattle was observed in Karnataka state of India since August. 29 cases were reported in Kolar and 19 in Rachenahalli in Malur taluk. It was announced by the media that the deaths appear to be associated with the presence of FMD infection. Blood samples were collected from cattle and sheep. Genotyping of four type O and two type A isolates from Karnataka and Goa respectively (Map 9) carried out in September at PD-FMD confirmed continuous circulation of O ME-SA Ind 2001 lineage in India. The FMDV type A isolates belong to non-deletion group of Genotype 18. FMD outbreaks were announced in Kerala Region (Map 9) in the beginning of October. The outbreaks have been confirmed in 11 districts except Kasaragod, Malappuram and Pathanamthitta. The preliminary investigation reportedly found that the disease has spread to Kerala with cattle brought from other states. Entry of cattle (cows, bulls, and buffaloes) from Karnataka and Tamil Nadu into Kerala has been banned. Possible reason reported for the increase in FMD cases are the lack of regular vaccination of the susceptible animals and intensive animal movement inside the country (cattle are brought to the State mainly for slaughtering). Suspected cases of FMD in sheep were reported on 3-th of October in Kudlur village in Yadgir Taluk (Karnataka District). FMD in wildlife was announced on 6th of October. Two deer in the Devarayanadurga Park were reported to be affected by FMD. Post mortem examination was done and samples were sent for disease confirmation; results have not yet been made available. Map 9: FMD suspected/confirmed cases in India in Sept

11 Nepal: 2 An outbreak of FMD is ongoing in Bhaktapur district, near Kathmandu. The causative virus was confirmed as serotype O by the Nepalese national FMD laboratory. Map 10: FMD distribution by serotypes South Asia is known to be an FMD endemic area but very limited data on serotypes is available (Map 10). The PD-FMD at Mukteswar (FMD Reference laboratory for South Asia) is active in this region and is requested to provide information on FMD circulation that will assist improved understanding of virus circulation. FMD history in the past 2 years is given in Map 10 and Table 3. Table 3: Pool 2 FMD history COUNTRY BANGLADESH BHUTAN INDIA FMD HISTORY FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE in LAST OUTBREAK REPORTED/SEROTYPE 2011 O, A, Asia 1 6 NOT AVAILABLE 2011, 2012 O 5 NOV 2012/O 5 O, A, Asia 1 1, 15 3, 15 AUGUST 2013/O, Asia 1 NEPAL SRI LANKA O, A, Asia 1 1, 6 MAR 2013/O 2 O 1, /O 5 11

12 C. POOL 3 West Eurasia & Middle East Libya: 1,2,5 Foot and Mouth disease was reported in Libya on 20th Sept 2013 in Zliten, Al Aziziyah, An Nuqat Al Khams and Misratah, all located in North Libya. (Map 11) The diagnosis was confirmed by the National Veterinary Laboratory in Tripoli as serotype O of FMD virus (using IZSLER Ag ELISA and PCR). Samples have been sent to IZSLER, Brescia, Italy for further analysis. 12 outbreaks have been reported from the end of August until the end of September. The disease was observed in cattle and small ruminants (sheep and goats). The susceptible animals (small ruminants and cattle) in the affected areas were vaccinated with inactivated bivalent A&O vaccine in response to the disease. Previous isolates of FMDV type O in Libya in belong to 2 different topotypes: O ME-SA PanAsia- 2 ANT-10 and O EA-3 (April 2012), closely related to an Ethiopian and several Eritrean isolates. Map 11: FMD type O outbreaks in Libya, Sept (OIE) Iran: 2 52 FMD outbreaks have been reported in Iran in September 2013 due to serotypes O and A of FMDV. 38 samples were taken for laboratory investigation. 25 of them were found FMDV positive: 17 were serotype A (in Hormozgn, Tehran, Ardebil, Chaharmahal, Markazy, Azar West and Fars provinces) and 8 type O (in Ardebil, Qom and Razavi Khorasan). Serotype Asia-1 has not been reported since June According to the reported data, high prevalence of Asia 1 outbreaks was recorded in Iran between June 2011 and July 2012, followed by a peak of serotype A in August 2012 up to now. (Graph 1) 12

13 Graph 1: FMD outbreaks in Iran by serotypes, Oct Sept (Melissa McLaws, EuFMD) cattle in 1490 Epi-units and small ruminants (sheep and goats) were vaccinated in September Pakistan: 13, FMD outbreaks were reported in Pakistan between April-June 2013 due to serotypes O (219), A (242) and Asia 1 (15) of FMDV. Co infection with 2 or more serotypes was detected in some samples: 11 (O+A) and 1 sample (O+A+Asia1). 88 samples remained untyped. IZSLER Ag ELISA was used for FMDV serotyping. The FMD outbreaks in 2013 are located in Punjab, Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkwa, Balochistan, Gilgit-Baltistan, FATA, AJK, Islamabad Provinces. (Map 12) Map 12: Reported FMD outbreaks in Pakistan, April-June

14 With the country preparing for the Eidul Azha festival, hundreds of thousands of animals are being brought to cities where they will remain in herds until sold on for sacrifice. The absence of mechanisms to control the animal movement and the nomadic lifestyle which is still common in the country increase the risk of further disease spread across the country. For many years, Eidul Azha has been followed by a major outbreak of FMD 1088 FMD outbreaks across the country during the past year (2012). FMD history in Pool 3 in the past 2 years is given in Table 4 and Map 13. Map 13: FMD distribution by serotypes

15 Table 4: Pool 3 FMD history COUNTRY Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation FMD HISTORY FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE in LAST OUTBREAK REPORTED/SEROTYPE AFGHANISTAN 2011 O, A, Asia 1 1, 5 DEC ARMENIA NO REPORTED OUTBREAKS 1 NOT AVAILABLE AZERBAIJAN NO REPORTED OUTBREAKS 1 JUN BAHRAIN 2011 O, A, Asia O 5 MAR 2012/O 5 BULGARIA 2011 O 1, 5 APRIL 2011/O 1 EGYPT A, O 1, O, A, SAT 2 1, 5 JUN 2012/SAT 2 1 GEORGIA NO REPORTED OUTBREAKS IRAN O 2, A 2, Asia 1 5 JUNE 2013/O 5, A 2, Asia 1 5 IRAQ O,A 1, /A ISRAEL O 1,5 MAR 2012/O 5 JORDAN NO REPORTED OUTBREAKS KAZAKHSTAN O, A 1,5 JUNE 2013/ A 1 KUWAIT O 5 FEB 2012/O 5 KYRGYZSTAN 2011 O, A 1 NOV 2011/O, A 1 LEBANON NO REPORTED OUTBREAKS 1 03/ LIBYA 2011 O 5; 2012 O, SAT 2 5 1, 2, 5 SEPTEMBER 2013/O OMAN NO DATA AVAILABLE DEC PAKISTAN O, A, Asia 1 5, 13 5, 13 NOV 2012/O, Asia 1, A AUTONOMOUS TERRITORIES 2011 O, A, Asia 1 1 PALESTINE 2012 SAT 2 1, 5; A 2 2, 24 MARCH 2013/A QATAR, 2011 NO DATA AVAILABLE NOT AVAILABLE SAUDI ARABIA, 2011 O 5 JULY 2012/O 5 SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC, 2011 NO REPORTED OUTBREAKS 1 MARCH/ TAJIKISTAN, Asia 1 1 NOV 2011/Asia 1 1 TURKEY, Asia 1, A, O 5,1,2 AUGUST 2013/O, A 2 TURKMENISTAN UZBEKISTAN NO DATA AVAILABLE NO DATA AVAILABLE NOT AVAILABLE NOT AVAILABLE 15

16 POOL 4 Eastern Africa 4 th Annual Meeting of East African Regional Laboratory Network (EARLN) was held in Entebbe, Uganda on 29 th -30 th August The recent data which was presented regarding the FMD situation in the region is summarised below: 2,5,25 Burundi: FMD outbreaks were detected in July 2013 in Western Burundi (in Bujumbura, Mukike commune and Bubanza, Gihanga Commune) and in August 2013 in North-east Burundi (Muyinga and Butihinda). Vaccination has been conducted as part of the disease control strategy in the country using Fotivax (inactivated vaccine manufactured by KEVEVAPI, Kenya). The susceptible animals in 10 provinces situated at the country borders and on principal routes of cattle movement were vaccinated. Serotypes O ; A ; SAT 1 and SAT 2 of FMDV are presented in the country. 2,5,25 Kenya: FMDV types O (EA2) and A (G1) outbreaks were reported in Kenya in 2013, located in Rift Valley (3 type O and 13 type A), Central (8 type O and 3 type A), Eastern ( 4 type O and 3 type A) and Nairobi (type O) regions. FMDV SAT 1 was confirmed by the WRL in epithelium samples collected from cattle in January Serotypes A and SAT 2 was detected in samples from An FMD outbreak in September in Laikipia was confirmed as serotype O by the Embakasi National FMD Ref. Laboratory 2,5,25 Somalia : The current FMDV serotypes presented are O; A; SAT 1; SAT 2; SAT 3 (newly introduced). A sero-survey was conducted in Somalia in In total 6382 serum samples from Somaliland, Puntland, Central and South Somalia were tested at Embakasi FMD laboratory in Kenya. NSP (non-structural proteins) positive samples were found on the entire territory. (Map 14) Map 14: FMD NSP Test results; Somalia, ,5,25 Sudan: In 2013 sporadic outbreaks occurred in Khartoum state and in the North part of the country caused by types O and SAT 2 of FMD virus (detected by Ag ELISA). 16

17 Serological investigation of 4008 samples conducted in 2012 revealed past FMD infection with FMDV serotypes O; A; SAT 1 and SAT 2. FMDV isolates, collected from cattle in Sudan between December 2009 and November 2011 belonged to 3 diferent serotypes of FMD virus: O EA-3; A AFRICA G-IV lineage and SAT 2 topotype VII, lineage Alx- 12. This SAT 2 lineage was also identified in a single sample from Alexandria, Egypt in ,5,25 South Sudan: Sero-survey for FMD was done in serum samples collected from Eastern Equatoria State; Upper Nile State; Lakes State; Central Equatoria State; Jongolei State; Unity State and Warrap State were investigated for NSP Ab and 1183 of them tested NSP positive. FMD serotyping identified SAT 1, SAT 2, O, and A of FMDV. 2,5,25 Uganda: FMD outbreaks have been recorded in 2013 in the districts of Isingiro, Rakai, Ntungamo, Wakiso, Kiruhura and Gomba. (Map 15) Serotype SAT 2 has been confirmed in Isingiro district, while serotype A in Wakiso district. Serotype O was the predominant serotype in FMD outbreaks until Map 15: FMD outbreaks in Uganda in 2013: (4 th Annual Meeting of EARLN, Uganda, August 2013) East Africa is known to be FMD endemic area. The FMDV topotypes presented in the region are given on the Map 16. Map 16: FMD distribution by serotypes FMD history in past 2 years is given in Table 5 below. 17

18 Table 5: Pool 4 FMD history COUNTRY FMD HISTORY FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE in LAST OUTBREAK REPORTED/SEROTYPE BURUNDI O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2 7 AUGUST / NOT AVAILABLE COMOROS NO DATA AVAILABLE CONGO D. R. O, A, SAT 1 4 JUNE /NOT TYPED DJIBOUTI NO DATA AVAILABLE NOT AVAILABLE EGYPT 2011 A, O 1, A, O SAT 2 1, 5 JUN 2012/SAT 2 1 ERITREA O 5 DEC 2011/O 5 ETHIOPIA A, SAT 1, O 5, /O 5 KENYA 2011 O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2 1, 5 JAN , 5, 25 /A, SAT2, SAT1 LIBYA 2011 O O, SAT 2 5,7 APR , 5 RWANDA ABSENT 7 NOT TYPED 2 NOV 2012/NOT TYPED 2 SOMALIA NO DATA AVAILABLE SUDAN A, O ,5,25 /O, SAT2 SOUTH SUDAN O, SAT 1, SAT 2, A TANZANIA 2011 SAT 1(buffalo), SAT 2 (cattle), O 7, SAT3 1, 5 MAR 2013/O A, O, SAT 1, SAT 2 5 UGANDA O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2, SAT3 7, 2, ,25 /A, SAT2 YEMEN NO DATA AVAILABLE NOT AVAILABLE 18

19 D. POOL 5 West / Central Africa According to the RESOLAB data, until the end of September 2013: - 8 outbreaks were reported in Cameroon due to FMDV types O, SAT 1 and SAT 2; - 5 outbreaks of FMDV types O; A and SAT 1 and SAT 2 in Nigeria; - 4 FMD outbreaks in Ghana no virus isolated, genome detected with LAMP; - 7 FMD outbreaks in Burkina Faso - confirmed serologically, no virus detected and - 1 FMD outbreak in Niger was reported, but no samples taken for disease confirmation. Nigeria: 2,23 FMDV serotypes A; SAT 1 and SAT 2 were detected in samples collected in September from 2 different suspected FMD cases in Nigeria. The diagnosis was confirmed by the National FMD Research Centre, Vom, using IZSLER Ag ELISA. Senegal: 2,23 FMD suspicion was received on 4th of October from 2 different regions of Senegal. Clinical signs for FMD and calves mortality were observed in Ross Béthio, North Senegal (the green mark on the map 17) and Linguère, Central regions (the violet mark on the map 17). Samples will be taken for disease confirmation. Map 17: FMD suspected cases in Senegal, Oct Democratic Republic of Congo: 2 FMD outbreak was detected in August in a common pasture in Bwegera. 83 out of 7600 bovines were affected. Further FMD cases were reported in September at the Rusizi plain in Kiliba village. 140 out of 4000 animals (bovines) were diseased. All outbreaks are located in South Kivu in 5-10 km distance from the border with Burundi. 19

20 FMD cases were suspected in several villages in North and South Kivu, but no disease confirmation. Usually clinical sighs in bovines are reported, rarely in goats and pigs. Foot and mouth disease outbreaks appear periodically in the area, but the disease is reported sporadically because of luck of well-established monitoring and reporting system. Trans-boundary movement of people and animals are common. Massive inflows of Rwandan refugees were reported in August-September moving with their animals via Tanzania and Burundi heading towards the plateaus of Northern Katanga trough the plain of Rusizi which enhance the disease spread. The government of Congo D.R purchased doses of Fotivax vaccine (Kenya). The vaccination campaign will target the eastern part of the country. No FMD outbreaks reported in Benin, Cape Verde, Gambia, Liberia, Mali, Sierra Leone and Togo. Foot and mouth disease is endemic in West Africa. The FMDV topotypes presented in the region are given on the (Map 18). Map 18: FMD distribution by serotypes FMD history in past 2 years is given in Table 6. 20

21 Table 6: Pool 5 FMD history COUNTRY Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation FMD HISTORY FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE in LAST OUTBREAK REPORTED/SEROTYPE BENIN 2011 A, O, SAT 1, SAT 2 4, 1 DEC 2011/O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2 1 BURKINA FASO O, A, SAT ,23 / NOT AVAILABLE CAMEROON 2011 O, A, SAT 2 4, ,23 /O; SAT1; SAT2 CAPE VERDE NO DATA AVAILABLE NOT AVAILABLE CENTRAL AFR. REP. NO DATA AVAILABLE NOT AVAILABLE CHAD 2011, 2012 A, SAT 1 4 NOT AVAILABLE CONGO D. R. 2011, 2012 O, A, SAT 1 4 JUNE /NOT TYPED CONGO R. NO DATA AVAILABLE NOT AVAILABLE COTE D'ÍVOIRE, SAT 1, A 1, O, SAT EQUATORIAL GUINEA, NO DATA AVAILABLE NOT AVAILABLE 2011 GABON, 2011 NO DATA AVAILABLE NOT AVAILABLE GAMBIA O, A, SAT /O GHANA O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2 4, ,23 /NOT AVAILABLE GUINEA BISS. GUINEA NO DATA AVAILABLE NO DATA AVAILABLE NOT AVAILABLE NOT AVAILABLE LIBERIA A, SAT /2012 4, NO PRECISE DATA MALI O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2 4, /2012 4, NO PRECISE DATA MAURITANIA NO DATA AVAILABLE NOT AVAILABLE NIGER O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2 4, ,23 /NOT AVAILABLE NIGERIA O, A, SAT 1; SAT 2 4, ,23 /O, A, SAT 1,SAT 2 SAO TOME PRINCIPE NO DATA AVAILABLE NOT AVAILABLE SENEGAL O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2 4, /O, A, SAT 1 4 SIERRA LEONE NO DATA AVAILABLE OCT TOGO O, SAT 1 1, 4, /O 4 21

22 E. POOL 6 SOUTHERN AFRICA Botswana: 1 No FMD cases reported in September. Routine vaccination and animal movement control measures are applied for disease control cattle were vaccinated in Ngamiland, North West, Botswana, which is FMD control zone and sporadic outbreaks are sometimes experienced. Swaziland and Lesotho are free from FMD without vaccination. Also, there is a zone in both Botswana and Namibia which is FMD free without vaccination, since 2010 and 1997 respectively (Map 19). Map 19: FMD distribution by serotypes FMD history in past 2 years is given in Table 7. Table 7: Pool 6 FMD history COUNTRY FMD HISTORY FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE in LAST OUTBREAK REPORTED/SEROTYPE ANGOLA NO REPORTED OUTBREAKS DEC. 2010/ SAT 2 1 BOTSWANA SAT 1, SAT 2, SAT 3 1 APR CONGO D. R. O, A, SAT /2012 9, NO PRECISE DATA MALAWI 2011 SAT 2 1 OCT MOZAMBIQUE 2011 SAT 2 1 JUN 2011/SAT 2 1 NAMIBIA SAT 1 1 AUGUST 2013/ NOT AVAILABLE SOUTH AFRICA SAT 11, SAT 2 1 AUGUST 2013/SAT 1; SAT 2 1 ZAMBIA SAT 1 5, SAT 2 1 JUN 2012/SAT 1 5 ZIMBABWE SAT 2 1 AUGUST 2013/NOT AVAILABLE 22

23 F. POOL 7 SOUTH AMERICA Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation No new events have been reported for this reporting period. Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela reported no disease occurrence for this reporting period. Argentina reported that its last FMD outbreak was in February 2006, over 7 year ago. Most South America countries are FMD free with (Uruguay)/without (Chile, Guyana) vaccination or with free zones with/without vaccination. Small areas of the continent are considered as endemic but clinical cases are rare (Map 20). Map 20: FMD distribution by serotypes FMD history in past 2 years is given in Table 8. Table 8: Pool 7 FMD history COUNTRY ECUADOR PARAGUAY VENEZUELA FMD HISTORY FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE in LAST OUTBREAK REPORTED/SEROTYPE O 1, 8 AUG 2011/O 1, 8 O 1, 8 DEC 2011/O 1, 8 O, A /O, A was the first year without reported FMD outbreaks in half a century in the Andean region. According to official reports submitted to the OIE, in 2012 Peru completed more than eight years without the presence of the disease, Bolivia and Colombia 4 and 6, respectively. 23

24 IV. OTHER NEWS: Bangladesh: Emergence and Distribution of FMDV serotype A and O in Bangladesh. In 2012, FMD outbreaks were identified in five different districts of Bangladesh. Viral genotyping targeting VP1-encoding region of 56 symptomatic cattle epithelial tissue samples detected 38 FMDV infections due to types A and O with an abundance of serotype A in Chittagong and Gazipur districts and serotype O in Pabna and Faridpur. Only single lineage of both A and O was retrieved from samples of five different regions. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of VP1 sequences revealed that serotype O sequences were closely related to the Ind 2001 sublineage of Middle East-South Asia (ME-SA) topotype that was previously circulating in Bangladesh, and serotype A sequences belonging to the genotype VII that was dominant in India during the last decade. The results suggest that extensive crossborder animal movement from neighbouring countries is the most likely source of FMDV serotypes in Bangladesh. [Nandi S.P. et al., Emergence and Distribution of FMDV serotype A and O in Bangladesh. Transbound Emerg Dis Jun 4. doi: /tbed.12113] Kenya: Four Independently Evolving Lineages of serotype O FMDV in the county. The analysis of recent isolates of serotype O FMDV from Livestock in Kenya during 2010 and 2011 gives an evidence of Four Independently Evolving Lineages in the county. The outbreaks were caused by viruses from three different lineages of topotype EA-2 and a fourth virus strain belonging to topotype EA-4. The topotypes EA-1 and EA-3 were not detected from these outbreaks. Implications of these results for FMD control in Eastern Africa are discussed. [Wekesa S.N. et al., Analysis of Recent Serotype O Foot-and-Mouth Disease Viruses from Livestock in Kenya: Evidence of Four Independently Evolving Lineages. Transbound Emerg Dis Aug 12. doi: /tbed ] Tanzania: Molecular biological analysis of FMD viruses collected in Tanzania from 1967 to 2009 revealed that SAT1 was the most frequent serotype (46.2%; n = 49) isolated in Tanzania followed by O (26.4%; n = 27), A (14.1%; n = 15) and SAT 2 (11.3%; n = 13). Genotyping showed that type O viruses fell into either the EAST AFRICA 1 (EA-1 or EA-2 topotypes), type A is into the AFRICA topotype (genotype I), type SAT 1's 24

25 into topotype I and type SAT 2's into topotype IV. [Kasanga C.J. et al., Infectious diseases of economic importance: Molecular biological characteristics of foot-and-mouth disease viruses collected in Tanzania from 1967 to 2009., Onderstepoort J Vet Res Jun 20;79(2):E1. doi: /ojvr.v79i2.474.] Eritrea: Serological Evidence Indicates that Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Serotype O, C and SAT1 are most dominant in Eritrea. Serosurveillance conducted in the country suggests that 67.0% tested positive to non-structural protein antibodies in the FMD NS ELISA. By virus neutralization, FMDV serotype O antibodies were shown to be the most dominant (approximately 50%). Serological data indicates that infection with serotype C and SAT 1 might have occurred, although there are no reports of isolation of these two serotypes. [Tekleghiorghis T, et al., Serological Evidence Indicates that Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Serotype O, C and SAT1 are most Dominant in Eritrea. Transbound Emerg Dis Mar 11. doi: /tbed.12065] 25

26 V. REFERENCES 1. WAHID Interface OIE World Animal Health Information Database 2. Reports from FAO/EuFMD projects and field officers 3. Dr. Esther TO: Foot and Mouth Disease Hong Kong Situation, Update; Animal Management Division Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, 10 August FAO/EuFMD supported FMD networks (RESOLAB-FMD West Africa) 5. World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease (WRLFMD), 6. Conference on Scientific Developments and Technical Challenges in the Progressive Control of FMD in South Asia, New Delhi, India, February FAO/EuFMD supported FMD networks (EARLN-FMD Eastern Africa) 8. SENASA, Argentina 9. SEAFMD 10. Open session of the EuFMD, Jerez de la Frontera, Spain October Ministry of Agriculture Animal Industry and Fisheries. National Animal Disease Diagnostics and Epidemiology Centre (NADDEC) P.o. BOX 513, Entebbe, Uganda 12. Dr C Njagu (Division of Veterinary Field Services): Current status of the livestock sector in Zimbabwe, ACWG MEETING OF 31STMAY Pakistan FMD Bulletin, Vol. 2 (issue 2), April June, Laboratorie veterinarie de Goma, DRC (Dr. Bushu Mulinda) 15. Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease (PD-FMD), Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Mukteswar, India (Dr B. B. Dash) 16. OIE/China national FMD reference laboratory 17. Center for Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Tanzania, Veterinary Laboratory Agency, Nelson Mandela/Temeke Yombo roads junction 18. EMPRES-i ( 19. FMD news, FAO-EMPRES-AH, Animal Disease Daily Update ( 20. Ministry of Agriculture Animal industry and fisheries, Uganda 21. Map of zones in Botswana, Government of Botswana: Zones%20version%202_02_11.pdf 22. WRLFMD Annual Report 2012 ( 23. RESOLAB (Dr. Joseph AWUNI, ACCRA, Ghana) 24. ProMED, ( th Annual Meeting of EARLN, Entebbe, Uganda, 29 th -30 th August