Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Monthly Report

Transcription

1 Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Monthly Report January 2014 Guest editor : Labib BAKKALI KASSIMI, Maisons-Alfort Laboratory for Animal Health, ANSES, FRANCE I N F O R M A T I O N S O U R C E S U S E D: Databases: OIE WAHID World Animal Health Information Database FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD) FAO Global Animal Disease Information System (EMPRES-i) Other sources: FAO/EuFMD supported FMD networks FAO/EuFMD projects and field officers The sources for information are referenced by using superscripts. The key to the superscripts is on the last page Please, note that the use of information and boundaries of territories should not be considered to be the view of the U.N. Please, always refer to the OIE for official information on reported outbreaks and country status. 1

2 Contents I. GENERAL OVERVIEW... 4 II. HEADLINE NEWS... 6 III. DETAILED POOL ANALYSIS... 7 A. POOL 1 Central / East Asia... 7 B. POOL 2 South Asia C. POOL 3 West Eurasia & Middle East D. POOL 4 Eastern Africa E. POOL 5 West / Central Africa F. POOL 6 Southern Africa G. POOL 7 South America IV. OTHER NEWS V. REFERENCES

3 Guest Editor s Overview: First of all, I would like to thank the EuFMD secretariat for inviting me to give some comments in this report that summarizes the FMD situation in January This document is one of a series of monthly reports prepared by the EuFMD secretariat that summarize the latest information on the global situation of FMD. I would like to take this opportunity to thank and congratulate the EuFMD secretariat for these very interesting and helpful reports. Over the past years, lots of national, regional and international efforts have been successfully made to improve the control and eradication of FMD. However, once again, this report reminds us that FMD is still a threat and the virus continues to circulate in different regions of the world and incursion and jumps between these regions (virus pools) occur every year. Continued and coordinated efforts are therefore still necessary to support countries in strengthening the Veterinary Services and to implement control strategy in a sustainable manner. Laboratory diagnosis plays a key role in the control of FMD. Rapid detection and characterization of the virus he FMDV strains causing outbreaks is important for disease monitoring and also plays an important role in the efficient use of vaccine to control the spread of disease. The data reported in this and previous reports reflect the efforts and quality of diagnosis services provided by the FMD World Reference Laboratory, OIE/FAO FMD Reference Laboratory Network and national laboratories. They also illustrate the importance of laboratories operating in a regional and global network, and international cooperation between reference laboratories. Unfortunately, this report also reminds us that there are still gaps in knowledge about the global distribution of FMDV and the circulating strains in some endemic regions, especially in sub-saharan Africa. Therefore, international coordinated efforts to improve laboratory capacity through training and providing kits and reagents, to provide support for sampling and shipment of samples, to provide reference laboratory services should be continued and strengthened. 3

4 I. GENERAL OVERVIEW Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus pools: world distribution by serotypes in (Map 1) Pools represent independently circulating and evolving FMDV genotypes; within the pools, cycles of emergence and spread occur that usually affect multiple countries in the region. In the absence of specific reports, it should be assumed that the serotypes indicated below are continuously circulating in parts of the pool area and would be detected if sufficient surveillance was in place (Table 1). Map 1: Foot-and-mouth disease virus pools distribution,

5 Table 1: List of countries representing each virus pool for POOL REGION/COUNTRIES SEROTYPES 1 CENTRAL/EAST ASIA (Cambodia, China (People's Rep. of), China (Hong Kong, SAR),China (Taiwan Province), Korea (DPR), Korea (Rep. of), Laos PDR, Malaysia, Mongolia, O, A, Asia 1 Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam) 2 SOUTH ASIA Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka O, A, Asia 1 3 WEST EURASIA & MIDDLE EAST (Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bulgaria, Egypt, Georgia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Libya, Oman, O, A, Asia 1 Pakistan, Palestine Autonomous Territories, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syrian Arab Republic, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan) 4 EASTERN AFRICA (Burundi, Comoros, Congo D. R., Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Libya, O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2 Rwanda, Somalia, Sudan, South Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Yemen) 5 WEST/CENTRAL AFRICA (Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central Afr. Rep., Chad, Congo D. R., Congo, Côte d Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea Biss., Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Sao Tome Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo) O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2 6 SOUTHERN AFRICA {O, A}*, SAT 1, (Angola, Botswana, Congo D. R., Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, SAT 2, SAT 3 Zambia, Zimbabwe) 7 SOUTH AMERICA (Ecuador, Paraguay, Venezuela) O, A * ONLY IN NORTH ZAMBIA AS OVERSPILL FROM POOL 4 Egypt and Libya are indicated as being in multiple pools, since they have evidence of FMD viruses that have originated from 2 or more pools in the recent past (4 years). COUNTER *** 25 MONTHS SINCE LAST OUTBREAK IN SOUTH AMERICA HAS BEEN REPORTED *** 112 MONTHS SINCE LAST C SEROTYPE OUTBREAK HAS BEEN REPORTED 5

6 II. HEADLINE NEWS POOL 1 China 1,5,9 New FMD outbreak, serotype A, topotype/lineage: Sea-97 G2 in Baisha Village, Tibet Russian Federation 1,5,9 FMDV serotype A outbreak in Zabajkal skij Kray, Duroy, Priargunsky District Russian Federation 9 suspected FMD outbreak in Siberia Mongolia 1,7 Three FMDV outbreaks serotype A occurred in Sukhbaatar province Vietnam 4,8 6 new outbreaks in Chao Bang province POOL 2 India 9 FMDV serotype O and Asia-1 has been detected Nepal 9 New outbreak in Lekali village, Ilam District POOL 3 Israel 1,8 2 new FMD outbreaks serotype O in Hazafon and Hamerkaz Turkey 2,13 43 new outbreaks serotypes O, A, and Asia -1 were reported Pakistan 6, FMD outbreaks, serotype O, A, Asia-1 and mixed, identified between Oct-Dec 2013 POOL 4 Kenya 12 serotypes O and Sat-1 identified by National FMD Reference Laboratory, Embakasi POOL 5 Cameroon 2,14 23 samples were found PCR positive by LANAVET Nigeria 2,15 FMDV serotypes O and A detected in epithelial tissue samples POOL 7 Paraguay 7 launched the first period for 2014 of FMD vaccination in the country Ecuador 7 Ecuador expects soon to be declared free of FMD 6

7 III. DETAILED POOL ANALYSIS A. POOL 1 Central /East Asia Guest Editor s Comment: FMD is endemic in most central and eastern Asia countries. FMDV serotype A continues to circulate in this region causing new outbreaks in People's Republic of China, Russian Federation, Mongolia and Vietnam in this beginning of The lineage Sea-97 was identified in People's Republic of China, the genetic lineage of the serotype A in the other countries is still to be identified. However, it is know that FMD type A/ASIA Sea-97 sublineage is circulating in the Central/East Asian region in (China, Russia Thailand, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, and Vietnam). Genetic analysis of FMDV type A identified in March 2013 in the north of China and in Russia revealed close genetic relationship with FMDV type A virus collected in October 2012 in Southern Thailand. China (People s Rep. of) 1,5,7 : A new outbreak of FMDV serotype A, topotype/lineage Sea-97 G2 was notified to OIE in the Baisha village, Jiangzi Prefecture, Rikaze, Tibet (map 1). The disease affected 7 cattle out of 45 susceptible animals (sheep and cattle). All the susceptible animals were destroyed. It is known that serotype A/ASIA Sea-97 lineage has been circulating on Chinese territory in 2013, reaching Central Asian territories (Russia, Kazakhstan and Mongolia). This epizootic in Tibet reportedly started in April 2013, so far causing 7 outbreaks. The diagnosis including genotyping has been performed by Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, samples being found ELISA positive. Map 1: FMDV serotype A, subtype Sea-97 G2 in Baisha village, Tibet (WAHID-OIE) 7

8 Russian Federation 1,5,7 : One new FMDV serotype A outbreak has been reported in Zabajkal skij Kray, Duroy, Priargunsky District, in January 2014 (Map 2). The outbreak is located near the Chinese border. Cattle were reportedly the only affected species. There were 7 cases with clinical signs out of 1,976 susceptible cattle. Other susceptible species (sheep, goats and swine) were also present in the outbreak but with no clinical signs reported. The diagnosis was confirmed by FGBI ARRIAH. The last outbreak in Duroy, Priargunsky District, was reported in October During 2013, Russia notified to OIE 2 events of FMD serotype A. A total of 21 outbreaks were reported, 6 of which were located in Zabajkal'Skij Kray. Map 2: Outbreak in Zabajkal skij, Kray, January 2014 (WAHID-OIE) Russian Federation 7 : According to Reuters s article from 28 th of January, Russian authorities reported a suspected outbreak of FMD in the eastern Siberian region of Zabaikalsk, which borders China and Mongolia. The Veterinary and Phyto-Sanitary Surveillance Service (VPSS) said clinical signs of the disease were identified in samples of cattle at a private farm, adding that measures to contain it were being taken. Samples have been sent for diagnosis. Mongolia 1,7,15 : Three FMDV outbreaks occurred on the 26 th of January in Gun khudag, Khur and Shandiin shovgor, all in Sukhbaatar Province. The cattle were the only susceptible and affected species with 84 cases out of 889 animals. Laboratory tests results confirmed FMDV, serotype A on the 30 th of January All three outbreaks are located in south eastern Mongolia, along the border with China (map 3) 8

9 Map 3: Outbreaks in Sukhbaatar, Mongolia, January 2014 (WAHID-OIE) Vietnam 4,8 : In January 6 new FMD outbreaks were reported in Vietnam, Chao Bang province situated at the border with China (Map 4). The villages affected by the disease are: Than Giap, Co Muoi, Hung Quoc, Cao Chuong and Xuan Noi. Two out of 6 outbreaks were serotyped as serotype A, in the Cao Chuong and Xuan Noi villages. The affected species are buffaloes and cattle. From the samples collected in Vietnam during 2013, FMDV type A was identified in 10 samples and genotyping showed them to belong to A/ASIA Sea-97 lineage. Last case of FMDV serotype A was notified in April Map 4: 6 Outbreaks in Cao Bang province, Vietnam, January 2014 (SEAFMD-OIE) 9

10 FMD history for pool 1 in the past 3 years is given in Map 5 and Table 2. Map 5: FMD distribution by serotypes Table 2: Pool 1 FMD history COUNTRY FMD HISTORY FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE in LAST OUTBREAK REPORTED/SEROTYPE CAMBODIA NOT TYPED 1 OCT 2012/O 10 CHINA (PEOPLE'S REP. OF) A, O 1, 16 JANUARY 2014/A 1 CHINA (HONG KONG, SAR) O 1, 5 NOV 2012/O 3 CHINA (TAIWAN PROVINCE) O 1, 5 JUNE 2013/O 1 JAPAN NO REPORTED OUTBREAKS 1 JULY 2010/O 1, 5 KOREA (DPR) 2011 O 1, 5 MARCH 2011/O 1 KOREA (REP. OF) 2011 O 1, 5 APR 2011/O 1 LAOS PDR O 9 MARCH 2013/O 9 MALAYSIA O, A 1, NOT TYPED 9 JAN 2013/NOT TYPED 9 MONGOLIA O 10 SEPTEMBER 2013/A 1 MYANMAR 2011 O 1 FEB 2012/O 9 RUSSIAN FEDERATION O A 1 NOVEMBER 2013/A 1,5 THAILAND O, A 1, 5 OCT 2012/A, O 1 VIET NAM 2011 O 1, A, O A 18 JANUARY 2014/A 18 10

11 B. POOL 2 South Asia Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation Guest Editor s Comment: This region is known to be an FMD endemic area. Although the FAO Reference Laboratory PD-FMD (Mukteswar) is very active in this region very limited data on serotypes/lineages circulating in this area are available. There is a need to get more information on FMD circulation in this area that will assist improved understanding of virus circulation. It should be noted the genetic relation of Indian type O virus sequences to the 2013 Bhutan, Libyan and Saudi Arabian type O viruses that suggests virus spread from South Asia to parts of Middle East and North Africa. Even if this strain can be controlled with type O vaccines, an explanation for the spread is needed. Nepal 7 : The District Veterinary Office (DVO) has conducted an Animal Health Check campaign and found out that the disease which killed over two dozen livestock (yaks, cows and oxen) and affected 300 more at Lekali VDC in the northern part of Ilam district was confirmed to be Foot-and-Mouth disease. Veterinary services have started vaccination of the cattle in the village. The Ministry of Agriculture Development (MoAD) has requested the farmers to inform the concerned bodies under the Department of Livestock Services, if foot-and-mouth disease is seen in cattle in any part of the country. India 9 : In the samples analyzed by the FAO Reference Laboratory PD-FMD (Mukteswar) in January 2014, FMDV serotypes O and Asia-1 were detected. In the same month 20,748 serum samples from cattle, buffalo and mithun (Bos frontalis) were tested for FMDV antibodies, and also 5 field isolates of serotype O FMDV have been subjected to vaccine matching (results pending). FMD history in the past 3 years is given in Map 6 and Table 3. 11

12 Map 6: FMD distribution by serotypes Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation Table 3: Pool 2 FMD history COUNTRY BANGLADESH BHUTAN INDIA FMD HISTORY FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE in LAST OUTBREAK REPORTED/SEROTYPE 2011 O, A, Asia 1 6 NOT AVAILABLE 2011, 2012 O 5 NOV 2012/O 5 O, A, Asia 1 1, 15 3, 15 JANUARY 2014/O, Asia 1 NEPAL SRI LANKA O, A, Asia 1 1, 6 MAR 2013/O 2 O 1, /O 5 12

13 C. POOL 3 West Eurasia & Middle East Guest Editor s Comment: Great efforts have been conducted in this area for controlling FMD. However, the disease is still widespread in the region due to weaknesses in control of animal movements and emergence of new sub-lineages. Early detection and characterization of novel virus strains and threats in this region should be encouraged by improvement of FMD surveillance and early identification of circulating virus. This should allow advance warning and rapid implementation of appropriate and effective control measures. The coordinated regional approach (West Eurasia Roadmap) established in this area is a good tool for information sharing and optimization of resource at regional level. The national laboratory surveillance Network established in Iran is also a good model to increase the speed and number of FMD outbreaks that are serotyped, an important part of early warning and for local control. Turkey 2,10 : 43 outbreaks were reported by WELNET FMD laboratory in January, mainly due to the serotypes A and O; The distribution of the January outbreaks by serotype is as follows: Serotype Number of outbreaks A 19 O 18 Asia 1 1 PCR (+) 1 Unidentified 4 Total 43 Outbreaks distribution by province for January 2014 is given in map below: Legend: PCR (+) Serotype Asia1 Serotype A Serotype O Untyped 13

14 Pakistan 6,8,3 : In the Quarterly Narrative Progress Report GCP/PAK/123/USA, Pakistan reported during October - December ,199 FMD outbreaks in different regions (Table 4). Comparing the data from the previous three months period from July to September, the province with the most outbreaks remains Sindh due to serotype O (323 outbreaks), followed by serotype A with 267 outbreaks. Also only in this region outbreaks were reported caused by serotype Asia-1 and also outbreaks caused by mixed serotypes. The samples analyzed by WRLFMD in the period October- December, showed that mixed serotypes refers to serotype A together with serotype Asia1. According to the report, no FMD outbreak was reported from FATA, Gilgit-Baltistan and Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT). Table 4: Results (by antigen Sandwich ELISA) of FMD outbreaks from Oct Dec 2013 in Pakistan Province Number of outbreaks Number of samples collected Serotype O Number of Outbreaks due to FMD Virus Serotype(s) Serotype A Serotype Asia-1 Serotype Mixed ELISA negative Not yet tested Sindh 1,045 1, KPK AJK Balochistan Punjab TOTAL 1,199 1, In the same report it is mentioned that 40 tissue and virus samples have been sent to World Reference Laboratory, Pirbright in November 2013 for serotype confirmation and genotype identification within each serotype. The serotypes were similar to the ones detected by ELISA in Pakistani labs. Also, ring vaccination was undertaken by the field staff to contain the infection during FMD outbreaks. A total of animals were vaccinated in the following regions: Sindh, Punjab Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, AJK and Balochistan. 14

15 Israel 1,8 : Two new outbreaks of FMD type O were reported in sheep and goats at Iksal, Yizreel, Hazafon, on the 6 th of January (Map 7) and only in sheep in Tire, HaSharon, Hamerkaz, on the 13 th of January (Map 8). In the Iksal, Yizreel, Hazafon outbreak 30 sheep and goats with clinical signs were observed, out of which 90%, 27 lambs died. In necropsy examinations some cases of myocardial degeneration (tigre hearts) have been observed. The susceptible herd contained 800 ewes, 500 lambs, 38 rams, 350 goats, 170 kids and 18 male goats. This event was declared resolved in 17 January In the Tire, HaSharon, Hamerkaz outbreak from 200 susceptible sheep (100 ewes and 100 lambs) 20 sheep presented clinical signs of FMD of which 3 young lambs died. At the necropsy exam one of the lambs was found with tiger heart. On 3 rd of February 2014 the event was announced to be resolved. The genotyping of the FMD virus from the outbreak reported in November 2013, close to the Syrian border, in the Golan Heights,was genotyped as O/ME-SA/PanAsia-2 FAR-09, most closely related to the outbreaks in Palestinian Autonomous Territories (Gaza Strip) and Turkey. Map 7 Israel outbreak from 6 th of January (WAHID-OIE) Map 8 Israel outbreak from 13 th of January (WAHID-OIE) 15

16 Table 5: Pool 3 FMD history COUNTRY Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation FMD HISTORY FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE in LAST OUTBREAK REPORTED/SEROTYPE AFGHANISTAN 2011 O, A, Asia 1 1, 5 DEC ARMENIA NO REPORTED OUTBREAKS 1 NOT AVAILABLE AZERBAIJAN NO REPORTED OUTBREAKS 1 JUN BAHRAIN 2011 O, A, Asia O 5 MAR 2012/O 5 BULGARIA 2011 O 1, 5 APRIL 2011/O 1 EGYPT A, O 1, O, A, SAT 2 1, 5 JUN 2012/SAT 2 1 GEORGIA NO REPORTED OUTBREAKS IRAN O 2, A 2, Asia 1 5 SEPTEMBER 2013/O 5, A 2, JUNE 2013/Asia 1 2 IRAQ O,A 1, /A ISRAEL O 1,5 JANUARY 2014/MAR 2012/O 5 JORDAN NO REPORTED OUTBREAKS KAZAKHSTAN O, A 1,5 JUNE 2013/ A 1 KUWAIT O 5 FEB 2012/O 5 KYRGYZSTAN 2011 O, A 1 NOV 2011/O, A 1 LEBANON NO REPORTED OUTBREAKS 1 03/ LIBYA 2011 O 5; 2012 O, SAT 2 5 1, 2, 5 OCTOBER 2013/O OMAN NO DATA AVAILABLE DEC PAKISTAN O, A, Asia 1 5, 13 OCT-DEC/Asia 1/2013, OCT-DEC/O/2013, 5, 13 NOV 2013/ A AUTONOMOUS TERRITORIES PALESTINE 2011 O, A, Asia SAT 2 1, 5; A 2 MARCH 2013/A 2, 10 NOV 2013/O 4 QATAR, 2011 NO DATA AVAILABLE NOT AVAILABLE SAUDI ARABIA O 5 NOV 2013/O 5 SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC, 2011 NO REPORTED OUTBREAKS 1 MARCH/ TAJIKISTAN, Asia 1 1 NOV 2011/Asia 1 1 TURKEY, Asia 1, A, O 5,1,2 DECEMBER 2013/O, A, Asia-1 2 TURKMENISTAN UZBEKISTAN NO DATA AVAILABLE NO DATA AVAILABLE NOT AVAILABLE NOT AVAILABLE 16

17 D. POOL 4 Eastern Africa Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation Guest Editor s Comment: In eastern Africa, Foot-and-Mouth disease sub-regional network was established in 2010 as a subnetwork of the Eastern Africa Epidemiology Laboratory Networks (EARLN). This initiative was an important step for establishment of regional and coordinated actions to control FMD. Support for this network should be continued and strengthened to ensure the continuity of its activities and improve outbreak reporting, laboratory diagnosis and virus characterization. Kenya 2,11 : From the 30 samples analyzed by the National FMD Reference Laboratory Embakasi, FMDV type O (13) and Sat-1 (10) have been identified. Table 6: Pool 4 FMD history FMD HISTORY COUNTRY FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE in LAST OUTBREAK REPORTED/SEROTYPE BURUNDI O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2 7 AUGUST / NOT AVAILABLE COMOROS NO DATA AVAILABLE CONGO D. R. O, A, SAT 1 4 JUNE /NOT TYPED DJIBOUTI NO DATA AVAILABLE NOT AVAILABLE EGYPT 2011 A, O 1, A, O SAT 2 1, 5 JUN 2012/SAT 2 1 ERITREA O 5 DEC 2011/O 5 ETHIOPIA A, SAT 1, O 5, /O 5 KENYA 2011 O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2 1, 5 JAN , 5, 25 /A, OCT 2013/O, SAT2, SAT1 LIBYA 2011 O O, SAT 2 5,7 O, OCTOBER 2013/APR , 5 RWANDA ABSENT 7 NOT TYPED 2 NOV 2012/NOT TYPED 2 SOMALIA NO DATA AVAILABLE SUDAN A, O ,5 /O, SAT2 SOUTH SUDAN O, SAT 1, SAT 2, A SAT 1(buffalo), SAT 2 (cattle), TANZANIA O 7, SAT3 1, 5 MAR 2013/O A, O, SAT 1, SAT 2 5 APRIL 2013/ A, SAT 1, SAT 2 UGANDA O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2, SAT3 7, 2, ,25 /A, SAT2 YEMEN NO DATA AVAILABLE NOT AVAILABLE 17

18 E. POOL 5 West / Central Africa Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation Guest Editor s Comment: The problem of the constant circulation and persistence of FMDV in this region and the gap of knowledge of circulating strain remains of great concern. In September 2012, I had the pleasure to participate to a laboratory training on FMD virus diagnosis organized under the auspices of the West and Central Africa Laboratories Network (RESOLAB) FMD sub-network in collaboration with FAO s Emergency Centre for the Control of Transboundary Animal Disease (ECTAD) Bamako, Mali office and FAO-GHANA and funded by the European Commission on the Control of Foot and Mouth Disease (EUFMD), the Emerging Pandemic Threats programme of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and EMPRESS/IDENTIFY project. It was hosted by the Accra Veterinary Laboratory of the Ministry of Food and Agriculture of Ghana. Nine countries participated to this training session. Following this training several RESOLAB-FMD laboratories have conducted FMD diagnosis in their laboratory, for the first time for some of them, and shared results. I am happy to see that some laboratories continue to perform FMD diagnosis. Similar actions should be maintained and supported in addition to providing laboratory reagents and support for sampling and shipment of samples. Cameroon 2,12 : From the 280 (probang) samples analyzed by LANAVET in January, 23 were found PCR positive.the laboratory intends to send all PCRpositive samples to The Pirbright Institute for serotyping, sequencing and phylogeny. Nigeria 2,13 : FMDV serotypes O and A were detected in epithelial tissue samples using antigen ELISA and virus isolation. The diagnosis was confirmed by the National FMD Research Centre, Vom Nigeria. The laboratory is planning to send the samples to The Pirbright Institute Foot-and-mouth disease is endemic in West Africa. The FMDV topotypes present in the region are shown on the following map (Map 9) 18

19 Map 9: FMD distribution by serotypes Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation Table 7: Pool 5 FMD history COUNTRY FMD HISTORY FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE in LAST OUTBREAK REPORTED/SEROTYPE BENIN 2011 A, O, SAT 1, SAT 2 4, 1 DEC 2011/O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2 1 BURKINA FASO O, A, SAT ,23 / NOT AVAILABLE CAMEROON 2011 O, A, SAT 2 4, ,23 /O; SAT1; SAT2 CAPE VERDE NO DATA AVAILABLE NOT AVAILABLE CENTRAL AFR. REP. NO DATA AVAILABLE NOT AVAILABLE CHAD 2011, 2012 A, SAT 1 4 NOT AVAILABLE CONGO D. R. 2011, 2012 O, A, SAT 1 4 JUNE /NOT TYPED CONGO R. NO DATA AVAILABLE NOT AVAILABLE COTE D'ÍVOIRE, SAT 1, A 1, O, SAT EQUATORIAL NO DATA AVAILABLE NOT AVAILABLE GUINEA, 2011 GABON, 2011 NO DATA AVAILABLE NOT AVAILABLE GAMBIA O, A, SAT /O GHANA O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2 4, ,23 /NOT AVAILABLE GUINEA BISS. GUINEA NO DATA AVAILABLE NO DATA AVAILABLE NOT AVAILABLE NOT AVAILABLE LIBERIA A, SAT /2012 4, NO PRECISE DATA MALI O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2 4, /2012 4, NO PRECISE DATA MAURITANIA NO DATA AVAILABLE NOT AVAILABLE NIGER O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2 4, ,23 /NOT AVAILABLE NIGERIA O, A, SAT 1; SAT 2 4, 1 O, A, SAT 1,SAT 2/2013 2,23 SAO TOME PRINCIPE NO DATA AVAILABLE NOT AVAILABLE SENEGAL O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2 4, /O, A, SAT 1 4 SIERRA LEONE NO DATA AVAILABLE OCT TOGO O, SAT 1 1, 4, /O 4 19

20 F.POOL 6 SOUTHERN AFRICA Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation Guest Editor s Comment: The SAT serotypes predominate in southern Africa. They are maintained by African buffalo that may remain persistently infected for a period of five years or more. The role of buffalo in virus transmission still unclear. Some countries have developed mechanisms of separating susceptible domestic animals from wildlife. This allows containment of the virus within the infected areas and then establishment of free zones. However, maintaining the free status is a big challenge in this area. No new outbreaks were reported in this month. In December 2013 SAT 2 outbreak was reported in south Africa in Bushbuckridge, Mpimalanga. No new FMD events were reported in January. Map 10: FMD distribution by serotypes Swaziland and Lesotho are free from FMD without vaccination. There is a zone in both Botswana and Namibia which is FMD free without vaccination, since 2010 and 1997 respectively (Map 10). FMD history in the past 3 years is given in Table 8. Table 8: Pool 6 FMD history COUNTRY FMD HISTORY FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE in LAST OUTBREAK REPORTED/SEROTYPE ANGOLA NO REPORTED OUTBREAKS DEC. 2010/ SAT 2 1 BOTSWANA SAT 1, SAT 2, SAT 3 1 APR CONGO D. R. O, A, SAT /2012 9, NO PRECISE DATA MALAWI 2011 SAT 2 1 OCT MOZAMBIQUE 2011 SAT 2 1 JUN 2011/SAT 2 1 NAMIBIA SAT 1 1 AUGUST 2013/ NOT AVAILABLE SOUTH AFRICA SAT 1 1, SAT 2 1 AUGUST 2013/SAT 1 1 ; DECEMBER 2013 SAT 2 1 ZAMBIA SAT 1 5, SAT 2 1 JAN 2013/SAT 1 5, SAT 2 ZIMBABWE SAT 2 1 AUGUST 2013/NOT AVAILABLE JUN 2013/SAT 3 20

21 POOL 7 SOUTH AMERICA Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation Guest Editor s Comment: Great coordinated efforts have been conducted in south America to eradicate FMD through the Hemispheric Foot-and-Mouth Disease Eradication Program (PHEFA). As result, most of countries are now recognized as free of the disease with or without vaccination. More information on the surveillance programmes in areas where risk of circulation of FMD virus remains would assist to clarify if there remain zones posing a risk to regional eradication. No new outbreaks have been reported for this reporting period. Paraguay 7 : Authorities of the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock (MAG), National Quality and Animal Health (SENACSA) and the Rural Association of Paraguay (ARP) launched the first FMD vaccination campaign in the country, considering the reopening of the European Union as a market for their beef. Resolution No /2013, issued by the National Animal Health, sets the time for vaccination for cattle and buffaloes. The (SENACSA) provides immunization to more than 14 million head of cattle. According to SENACSA, the vaccination campaign mainly directed to cattle and buffalo farms will be carried out between January 13 and February 28, The goal for this year is to close all possible "holes" to eradicate the disease. Ecuador 7,1 : Ecuador expects soon to be declared free of FMD. According to the OIE Animal Health Information System, the last occurrence of FMD in domestic animals in Ecuador was in August

22 Most South America countries are FMD free with (Uruguay) or without (Chile, Guyana) vaccination or with free zones with/without vaccination. Small areas of the continent are considered as endemic but clinical cases are rare (Map 11). FMD history in past 3 years is given in Table 9. Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation Table 9: Pool 7 FMD history COUNTRY ECUADOR PARAGUAY VENEZUELA Map 11: FMD distribution by serotypes FMD HISTORY FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE in LAST OUTBREAK REPORTED/SEROTYPE O 1, 8 AUG 2011/O 1, 8 O 1, 8 DEC 2011/O 1, 8 O, A /O, A was the first year without reported FMD outbreaks in 50 years in the Andean region. According to official reports submitted to the OIE, in 2012 Peru completed more than eight years without the presence of the disease, Bolivia and Colombia 4 and 6, respectively 1. Argentina has not had an FMD outbreak since February

23 IV. OTHER NEWS: Guest Editor s Comment: The Animal Health Laboratory of Anses is the National Reference Laboratory for FMD. The laboratory develops collaborations on FMD with several countries in particular in West and North Africa by providing training, reagents and support for FMD diagnosis. We would like to join the OIE/FAO international reference laboratory network to continue and strengthen these collaborations. India 7 : The State government has decided to end the ban on cattle transport from neighboring States, imposed more than a month ago (since December 4) to control the spread of Foot-and-Mouth disease (FMD).After reviewing the disease situation the department decided to allow cattle transport through the check-posts at Muthalamada and Walayar in Palakkad, Kumili in Idukki, Manjeswaram in Kasaragod and Parassala in Thiruvananthapuram. The incidence of the disease has come down considerably. Cattle from other States would be allowed to be brought in through five border check-posts from 6 a.m. to 6 p.m. from Thursday, said N. N. Sasi, director, Animal Husbandry Department. Cattle transport would be permitted under close scrutiny and special teams would inspect the cattle at check-posts. Chemical tests would be carried out as part of the screening process. Only healthy and disease-free cattle would be let in. The FMD has impacted the cattle population of the State in a big way and resulted in a significant dip in milk production. Brazil 7 : The coverage of the second stage of the FMD vaccination campaign in different regions of Brazil during the month of November 2013 was presented to the press. Vaccination coverage against FMD was 95.16% in Maranhão were 7,007,802 of cattle and buffaloes were immunized. This was the first campaign after Maranhão has been nationally certified as a zone free of FMD with vaccination, which occurred in September The Paulista State of São Paulo reached the level of 98.68% of cattle and buffaloes vaccinated during the second stage of the vaccination campaign against FMD. The second stage of the National Campaign against FMD 2013, which was closed, at the end of December, had a positive balance in Minas Gerais, reaching a rate of 97.15% vaccination. The campaign got a good adhesion of livestock producers who have their livelihoods, demonstrating the importance of effective participation in the biannual vaccination campaigns. The campaign involved 9,874,581,000 of immunizable bovines up to 24 months old with vaccination of 9,593,222 animals in 853 municipalities Vaccination coverage in Bahia was 95.12%, according to the Bureau of Agricultural Defense of Bahia (Adab). 3,866,728 of 4,065,202 cattle and buffaloes up to 24 months of age were immunized. The total population in the state is 11,103,780 heads. Thirteen years ago the state was recognized as a FMD free zone with vaccination. 23

24 Uruguay 7 : Uruguay started FMD vaccination and the Ministry of Livestock of Uruguay announced that for this purpose it distributed 14 million FMD vaccine doses to maintain immunization of the cattle population, to drive the local economy through export of meat. 24

25 V. REFERENCES 1. WAHID Interface OIE World Animal Health Information Database 2. Reports from FAO/EuFMD projects and field officers 3. World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease (WRLFMD), 4. SEAFMD, 5. ProMed, ( 6. Pakistan Quarterly Narrative Progress Report, GCP/PAK/123/USA, October-December FMD news 8. WRLFMD Quarterly Report, October - December 2013, ( FAO%20FMD%20Ref%20Lab%20Report%20Oct-Dec% pdf) 9. Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease (PD-FMD), Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Mukteswar, India (Dr B. B. Dash) 10. WELLNET Laboratory, Sap Institute, Turkey (Dr Naci Bulut) 11. National FMD Reference Laboratory, Embakasi, Kenya (Dr Abraham Sangula) 12. LANAVET-Garoua, Cameroon (Dr Simon Dickmu Jumbo) 13. RESOLAB, Nigeria (Dr Hussaini G. Ularamu) 14. SENASA, Argentina 15. FAO EMPRES-AH, 25