Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation Monthly Report AUGUST EuFMD

Transcription

1 2014 Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation Monthly Report AUGUST 2014 EuFMD

2 Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Monthly Report August 2014 Guest Editor Dr. Donal Sammin, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine Laboratories, Backweston, IRELAND. I N F O R M A T I O N S O U R C E S U S E D: Databases: OIE WAHID World Animal Health Information Database FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD) FAO Global Animal Disease Information System (EMPRES-i) Other sources: FAO/EuFMD supported FMD networks FAO/EuFMD projects and field officers The sources for information are referenced by using superscripts. The key to the superscripts is on the last page. Please note that the use of information and boundaries of territories should not be considered to be the view of the U.N. Please, always refer to the OIE for official information on reported outbreaks and country status. 1

3 Contents I. GENERAL OVERVIEW... 4 II. HEADLINE NEWS... 5 III. DETAILED POOL ANALYSIS... 6 A. POOL 1 Central /East Asia... 6 B. POOL 2 South Asia... 7 C. POOL 3 West Eurasia & Middle East... 8 D. POOL 4 Eastern Africa E. POOL 5 West / Central Africa F. POOL 6 SOUTHERN AFRICA G. POOL 7 South America, IV. OTHER NEWS 18 V. REFERENCES - Superscripts

4 Guest Editor s Overview: This report provides a useful summation of the current foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) situation based on recent findings of national authorities and of international reference laboratories and reflects the significant efforts and personal commitment of many individuals involved in investigating FMD outbreaks across the world. However, this series of monthly reports also serves to remind the international community of two major challenges facing any concerted global effort to control FMD: the multiplicity of viral serotypes and sub-types in circulation and the paucity of information, including on the types of virus present, in many of those countries where the disease is considered to be endemic. Genetic and antigenic diversity of FMD virus with poor immunological cross-protection between some strains of virus within the same serotype is a fundamental biological property that we must contend with. It has significant knock-on implications for the use of vaccination to counter the spread of the virus and emphasises the necessity for vaccine matching. Whilst the concept of pools -overlapping geographic regions wherein particular lineages of virus tend to predominate provides a useful framework for a better understanding of global risk, we must remember that this virus does not respect any manmade boundaries. Periodic escape of a viral sub-type from the pool to which it is usually confined may be associated with significant outbreaks of disease in immunologically naive animals, such as the situation that currently pertains in Tunisia and Algeria consequent on incursion of the O/ME-SA/Ind-2001 strain earlier this year. Little or no information is available on the pattern, frequency and impact of FMD (or on the virus types circulating) in many of the developing and transitional countries in which FMD is presumed to be endemic. This probably reflects the interplay of two factors relatively little incentive to tackle FMD and insufficient resources and infrastructure to undertake field and laboratory investigation. Outside of intensive production units, and where there is little prospect of export trade, keepers and owners of livestock may not be as concerned about FMD as they are about other infectious diseases, especially those that may cause mortality in fully-grown animals. Linking the control of FMD with the control of other local diseases of interest might therefore provide for better engagement by the farming community. It is technically feasible to combine assays for detection of various pathogens into a single, sensitive and easy-to-use format for screening purposes. Perhaps targeted sampling of acutely-ill animals and penside testing could be used to provide information on both the local disease(s) of interest and the occurrence of FMD. If coupled with a protocol prompting referral of any samples that gave a positive signal for FMD virus, such an approach might increase the overall number of submissions to national or regional reference laboratories for confirmatory testing and virus-typing and help to build a more complete picture. 3

5 I. GENERAL OVERVIEW Pools represent independently circulating and evolving FMDV genotypes; within the pools, cycles of emergence and spread occur that usually affect multiple countries in the region. In the absence of specific reports, it should be assumed that the serotypes indicated below are continuously circulating in parts of the pool area and would be detected if sufficient surveillance was in place (Table 1). Table 1: List of countries representing each virus pool for the period POOL REGION/COUNTRIES colour pools as in figure SEROTYPES 1 CENTRAL/EAST ASIA Cambodia, China (People's Rep. of), China (Hong Kong, SAR), China (Taiwan Province), Korea (DPR), Korea (Rep. of), Laos PDR, Malaysia, Mongolia, Myanmar, Russian O, A, Asia 1 Federation, Thailand, Viet Nam 2 SOUTH ASIA Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka O, A, Asia 1 3 WEST EURASIA & MIDDLE EAST Afghanistan, Algeria, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bulgaria, Egypt, Georgia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Libya, Oman, Pakistan, Palestine Autonomous Territories, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syrian Arab Republic, Tajikistan, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan O, A, Asia 1 4 EASTERN AFRICA O, A, SAT 1, Burundi, Comoros, Congo D. R., Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Libya, SAT 2 Rwanda, Somalia, Sudan, South Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Yemen WEST/CENTRAL AFRICA Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central Afr. Rep., Chad, Congo D. R., Congo, Côte d Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea Biss., Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Sao Tome Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo SOUTHERN AFRICA Angola, Botswana, Congo D. R., Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia, Zimbabwe SOUTH AMERICA Ecuador, Paraguay, Venezuela O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2 {O, A}*, SAT 1, SAT 2, SAT 3 Egypt and Libya (highlighted in bold) are indicated as being in multiple pools, since they have evidence of FMDV originating from 2 or more pools in the past four years. * ONLY IN NORTH ZAMBIA AS SPILL-OVER FROM POOL 4 Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus pools: world distribution by serotype in (Map 1) (presence of serotype 4 in Libya and North Zambia not shown on map) O, A 4

6 II. HEADLINE NEWS POOL 1 China (Hong Kong, Sar) 1 The vaccine matching tests conducted by the World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and- Mouth Disease (WRLFMD), Pirbright, UK, on field isolate FMDV O Hkn13/14 confirmed that it did not match with any of the vaccine strains employed. POOL 2 India 2 - The Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease (PDFMD), Mukteswar, INDIA, reported FMDV serotype O in clinical samples sent to the regional laboratory. POOL 3 Algeria 1, 3 The number of FMD outbreaks reported until the 8 th of September was 220. The genotyping of two isolates, performed by the WRLFMD, confirmed their identity as serotype O, topotype ME-SA, Genotype/strain: Ind-2001d. Kyrgystan 3 - A FMD outbreak occurred on the 12 th of August 2014, in grazing cattle in Otmok, TALAS, Kyrgystan. The serotype involved was not reported. Pakistan 1, 4 - FMD outbreaks were reported in Pakistan, within the Progressive Control of Foot and Mouth Disease Project, caused by three different serotypes (A, Asia-1 and O), with serotype O being the most prevalent. Vaccine matching tests were conducted, by the WRLFMD, on field isolates collected during 2014, belonging to serotypes A, Asia 1 and O. Tunisia 3 - Further FMD outbreaks were reported in the country up to the 17 th of August, even if the frequency of the events reported is diminishing. Turkey 5 - During the month of August, the Şap Institute, Turkey, detected FMDV serotypes A, and O in samples collected from outbreaks occurring in Anatolia. POOL 4 Kenya 6 - The National FMD Reference Laboratory, Embakasi, Kenya, detected FMDV serotypes O and SAT 1 in field samples. POOL 5 Cameroon 1 The WRLFMD confirmed the presence of FMDV serotypes A and SAT 2 in bovine samples collected in Cameroon during Nigeria 7 - The National Veterinary Research Institute, Nigeria, detected FMDV serotype O in field samples. POOL 6 Mozambique 3 A FMD outbreak caused by serotype SAT 2 occurred on the 24 th of July, 2014 in cattle, in Moamba, MAPUTO. Namibia 3 - A FMD outbreak occurred on the 21 st of August 2014 in cattle in Kabbe, CAPRIVI. Serotyping is pending. 5

7 POOL 7 No outbreaks reported 3 COUNTER *** 32 MONTHS SINCE THE LAST OUTBREAK IN SOUTH AMERICA WAS REPORTED *** 119 MONTHS SINCE THE LAST SEROTYPE C OUTBREAK WAS REPORTED III. DETAILED POOL ANALYSIS A. POOL 1 Central /East Asia China (Hong Kong, Sar) 1 The vaccine matching tests conducted by WRLFMD on field isolate FMDV O Hkn13/14 confirmed that this isolate did not match with any of the vaccine strains employed, represented by O3039, O Campos, O Manisa, O Phi89, Otaw98 and O Tur 5/09. Russian Federation 8 The Regional Reference Laboratory for FMD (ARRIAH, Russia) reported post vaccination monitoring on 2632 sera 3241 sera. Table 2: Summary of the history of FMD Pool 1, , for geographic distribution see Map 2 below. COUNTRY FMD HISTORY FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE in LAST OUTBREAK REPORTED/SEROTYPE Cambodia O Jun 2014/O China (People's Rep. of) A, O Jun 2014/A, Apr2014/O China (Hong Kong, Sar) O May 2014/O China (Taiwan Province) O June 2013/O Japan FMD-free without vaccination Jul 2010/O Korea (DPR) 2014 O July 2014/O May 2014/not confirmed Korea (Rep. of) 2011 O July 2014/O Laos PDR O Mar 2013/O Malaysia O, A NOT TYPED Jan 2013/not typed Jun 2014/O Mongolia 2012 O 2013 A Sep 2013/A, Apr2014/O Myanmar O Jun 2014/O Russian Federation , O- A Feb 2014/A June 2014/O Thailand O, A Jun 2014 /A, Oct 2012/O Vietnam O Apr 2013/A A, O Jun 2014/O A Comment Genotyping information required Genotyping information required Genotyping information required 6

8 Map 2: FMD distribution by serotype and topotype in South East Asia, (EuFMD). Conjectured circulating FMD viral lineages in pool 1 during : Serotype O: O/SEA/Mya-98, O/ME-SA/PanAsia, O/CATHAY Serotype A: A/ASIA/Sea-97 Serotype Asia-1 (not detected in the region since 2005 (Myanmar) and 2006 (Vietnam, P.R. China) B. POOL 2 South Asia India 2 As for the month of July, PDFMD, Mukteswar, INDIA, reported FMDV serotype O in 3 clinical samples, sent to the regional laboratory. Genotyping was carried out on 38 samples. Further to this, vaccine-matching tests were conducted on 3 field isolates belonging to serotype O serum samples of cattle and buffaloes were tested for the presence of antibodies against structural and non-structural proteins of FMDV The diagnostic kits employed are those developed at PDFMD, Mukteswar. FMD outbreak investigations were carried out during the month of August. The results and interpretation of these investigations are however not available. The Laboratory was involved in providing expert advice to Government services national/local authorities. PDFMD has on-going research on FMD and active collaborations with International Organizations. Table 3: Summary of the history of FMD Pool 2, , for geographic distribution see Map 3 below. COUNTRY FMD HISTORY FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE in LAST OUTBREAK REPORTED/SEROTYPE Bangladesh O, A, Asia 1 Not available Bhutan India 2011, 2012 O Nov 2012/O O, A, Asia 1 Sep 2013/ Asia 1, Aug 2014/ O Nepal O, A, Asia 1 Apr 2014/O Sri Lanka O 2012/O Comment Follow up needed national Genotyping information required Follow up needed national 7

9 Map 3: FMD distribution by serotype and topotype in South Asia, (EuFMD). Conjectured circulating FMDV lineages in pool 2 during : O/ME-SA/Ind-2001 (the O/ME-SA/Ind-2011 lineage that emerged during 2011 has not been recognized during ) O/ME-SA/PanAsia-2 (last detected in 2011 in Sri Lanka) A/ASIA/IND (genotype 18) Asia-1 (lineage C subdivided into Eastern and Western clusters) C. POOL 3 West Eurasia & Middle East Algeria 1, 3 The number of FMD outbreaks reported until the 8 th of September was 220. The country is still adopting the sanitary measures reported in the July report and in particular vaccination is being carried out in all the wilayahs except for those in the south. A summary of the species and number of animals involved is reported in Table 4 and location of outbreaks is presented in Map 4. Genotyping performed by the WRLFMD on two isolates, forwarded by the Lombardy and Emilia Romagna Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute (IZSLER), confirmed their identity as serotype O, topotype ME-SA, Genotype/strain: Ind-2001d. The closest identity (99.69% and 99.37% respectively) was to field strains O/TUN/1031/2014 and O/TUN/1054/2014, isolated during the current outbreaks in Tunisia. Table 4: Outbreak summary for Algeria reported for the period between the 23 rd of July and 8 th of September 2014 (WAHID-OIE) Species Susceptible Cases Deaths Destroyed Slaughtered Cattle Sheep Goats Totals

10 Map 4: Location of outbreaks (red dots) reported in Algeria for the period between the 23 rd of July and 8 th of September 2014, (WAHID-OIE). Kyrgystan 3 A FMD outbreak occurred on the 12 th of August 2014, in grazing cattle in Otmok, TALAS, Kyrgystan. Of the 40 animals involved, only one case was observed that presented salivation and lack of appetite. The National centre for veterinary diagnosis, Bichkekusing conducted the diagnosis, using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) that resulted positive, however the serotype was not reported. The control measures adopted were quarantine, movement control inside the country, vaccination in response to the outbreak. In Talas, I553 cattle were vaccinated, employing, polyvalent vaccine against serotypes A, O and Asia 1. Location of outbreaks is presented in Map 5. The outbreak is reported as resolved. Map 5: Location of outbreak (blue dot) reported in Kyrgystan on the 12 th of August 2014, (WAHID-OIE). 9

11 Pakistan 1, 4 A total of 77 FMD outbreaks were reported in Pakistan. Samples from these outbreaks were collected and analysed. Three serotypes (A, Asia-1 and O) are circulating in the country, with serotype O being the most prevalent. Landhi Cattle Colony (LCC) is still the predominant hotspot in the country where 24 out of the 77 outbreaks occurred. Outbreaks were controlled using movement restriction, treatment of animals (163 animals were attended) and ring vaccination that was carried out by field veterinarians in 1725 animals at risk. Regular vaccination in dairy colonies and rural smallholder dairy production systems is continuing with a total of 9648 cattle and buffaloes vaccinated. Clinical monitoring is being employed to evaluate effectiveness of the vaccine used. Farmers of dairy colonies are actively participating in the cost-sharing vaccination program. The Project is confirming that use of a quality FMD vaccine in terms of FMDV strains they contain, according to project standard operating procedure, can protect animals against the disease. During the reporting period, 4313 animals (including 3064 newly arrived animals) were vaccinated in dairy colonies (LCC and Nagori) in Karachi, FATA, AJK and Balochistan. In rural dairy production system, 5335 animals were vaccinated against FMD. According to an Agreement (on cost sharing basis), 5564 animals on 51 farms in Sindh were ear-tagged and received primary vaccination. Genotyping of FMD viruses and vaccine matching studies done at the WRLFMD indicated that the vaccine strains are suitable in Pakistan for serotype O, limited for serotype A and with no match for serotype A. Vaccine matching tests were conducted, by the WRLFMD, on field isolates collected during 2014, belonging to serotypes A, Asia 1 and O. The relative results are presented in the following table. Table 5: summary of the vaccine matching results carried out by the WRLFMD on field isolates from Pakistan M match indicates a close relationship between field isolate and vaccine strain. N no match - indicates that the field isolate is so different from the vaccine strain protection is unlikely. Field isolate Vaccine strain identification identification A Iran 2005 A22 Irq A May97 A Tur06 A Pak 10/14 M M N M A Pak 22/14 N N N M Asia 1Ind 8/89 Asia 1 Shamir Asia 1 Pak 19/14 N N Asia 1 Pak 20/14 N N O 3039 O Manisia O Taw 98 O Tur 5/09 0 Pak 24/14 M M M M 80 provincial and federal labs are providing diagnostic and serotyping facilities in different regions of the country. Technical backstopping for the proper analysis of samples is provided to all ELISA labs. ELISA kits and other expendables were also provided for smooth running of activities at the laboratories. The main planned actions for coming month will be the evaluation of the efficacy of the FMD vaccine and organization of awareness seminars for farmers in Cholistan desert, finalization of Vaccine Cost-sharing Agreement and its communication to various stakeholders and continued surveillance of FMD outbreaks. Tunisia 3 Up to the 17 th of August, 4 new FMD outbreaks were reported in 4 different administrative units, however the frequency of the events reported is diminishing, compared to the previous months since the episode started, when the monthly number of events reported was constantly on the increase. Details of the species and number of animals involved are presented in Table 6 and location is reported in Map 6. The following control measures are still being adopted: quarantine, movement control inside the country, vaccination in response to the outbreaks, disinfection of infected premises/establishments and modified stamping out. 10

12 Table 6: Outbreak summary for Tunisia reported for the month of August 2014 (WAHID-OIE) Species Susceptible Cases Deaths Destroyed Slaughtered Cattle Sheep Totals Map 6: Location of outbreaks (red dots) reported for the month of August 2014 in Tunisia, (WAHID-OIE). Turkey 5 During the month of August, the Şap Institute, Turkey received 11 samples from 8 outbreaks that had occurred in Anatolia and these were tested by reverse transcriptase Multiplex Real Time PCR and Antigen detection ELISA. FMDV serotype A was detected in four samples and serotype O was detected in 3 samples while the serotype of virus in oneof the samples was not identified and 3 samples tested negative in all tests. A total of 6602 sera sample were tested by different antibody detection ELISAs within the following activities: 880 sera by NSP ELISA for Risk based Thrace Surveillance Program 1 serum by NSP ELISA from outbreaks 4819 sera in NSP ELISA for screening disease free animal for movement to Istanbul, Turkey 1 serum for serotyping by solid phase competition ELISA (SPCE) 512 sera for vaccine potency trial by SPCE 389 sera for routine vaccine monitoring. The Institute is constantly involved in outbreak investigations and provision of expert advice to the General Directorate related to the FMD Risk Based National Strategy. In the framework of Research and Development on vaccine production and monitoring, some research activities are continuing. 11

13 Table 7: Summary of the history of FMD Pool 3, , for geographic distribution see Map 7 below. COUNTRY FMD HISTORY FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE in LAST OUTBREAK REPORTED/SEROTYPE Comment (Genotyping or vaccine matching tests needed for this pool) Afghanistan O, A, Asia 1 Dec 2011 Algeria July 2014/O See text Armenia NO REPORTED Not available OUTBREAKS Azerbaijan NO REPORTED Jun 2001 OUTBREAKS Bahrain O, A, Asia O Mar 2012/O Bulgaria O Apr 2011/O Egypt O, A May 2014/O, A, SAT2 Georgia NO REPORTED 2002 OUTBREAKS Iran O, A, Asia 1 Jun 2013/Asia 1, Apr 2014/O, A Iraq O,A 2012/A Israel O Nov 2013/Mar 2012/O Jordan NO REPORTED OUTBREAKS 2006 Kazakhstan O, A Jun 2013/ A Kuwait O Feb 2012/O Kyrgyzstan O, A Nov 2011/O, A, Aug/not See text - Typing required typed Lebanon NO REPORTED OUTBREAKS 03/2010 Libya O; O, SAT 2 Oct 2013/O Oman NO DATA AVAILABLE Dec 2011 Pakistan O, A, Asia 1 Aug 2014 / A, O, Asia 1, See text Jun2014/(not typed) Autonomous Territories Palestine O, A, Asia SAT 2; A Mar 2013/A Nov 2013/O Qatar, 2011 NO DATA AVAILABLE Not available Saudi Arabia O Nov 2013/O Syrian Arab NO REPORTED Republic, 2011 OUTBREAKS Mar/2002 Tajikistan, Asia 1 Nov 2011/Asia 1 Tunisia Jun 2014/O Vaccine matching tests needed - Turkey Asia 1, A, O July 2014/Asia 1, Aug/ O, A See text Turkmenistan Uzbekistan NO DATA AVAILABLE NO DATA AVAILABLE Not available Not available 12

14 Map 7: FMD distribution by serotype and topotype for West Eurasia and Middle East, (EuFMD). Conjectured circulating FMDV lineages in pool 3 during : O/ME-SA/PanAsia-2 (predominantly from ANT-10 and FAR-09 sub-lineages) O/ME-SA/Ind-2001 (recent incursion during 2013 from the Indian subcontinent) A/ASIA/Iran-05 (from SIS-12, SIS-10, FAR- 11 and BAR-08 sub-lineages) Asia-1 (Sindh-08 lineage). D. POOL 4 Eastern Africa Kenya 6 The National FMD Reference Laboratory, Embakasi, Kenya, detected FMDV serotypes O, SAT 1 in field samples. The Laboratory also carried out vaccine potency assays and post vaccination monitoring controls, using kits provided by FAO. The Institute was aslo involved in outbreak investigations and provision of expert advice to the General Directorate related to the FMD Risk Based National Strategy. Collaborations with international Organisations are active. Table 8: Summary of the history of FMD Pool 4, , for geographic distribution see Map 8 below. COUNTRY FMD HISTORY FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE in LAST OUTBREAK REPORTED/SEROTYPE Comment Burundi O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2 Aug 2013 / not available Typing required Comoros NO DATA AVAILABLE 2010 Congo d. R. O, A, SAT 1 Jun 2013/not typed Typing required Djibouti NO DATA AVAILABLE Not available Egypt A, O A, O SAT 2 Jun 2012/SAT 2 Eritrea O Dec 2011/O Ethiopia A, SAT 1, 2012/O Jun 2014/A, SAT 2, O Kenya O, A, SAT 1, 2013/SAT 2 Aug 2014/SAT 1,July 2014/A, July 2014/SAT2, Aug 2014/O See text Libya O Oct 2013/ O, Sat 2/Apr O, SAT Follow up needed Rwanda ABSENTNOT TYPED Nov 2012/not typed Typing required Somalia NO DATA AVAILABLE 2011 Sudan A, O 2013/O, SAT2 South Sudan O, SAT 1, SAT 2, A 2011 Tanzania SAT 1(buffalo), SAT 2 Mar 2013/O (cattle), O, SAT3 Apr2013/ A, SAT 1, SAT A, O, SAT 1, SAT 2 Uganda O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2, SAT3 2013/A, SAT2, May 2014/O Genotyping information 13

15 Yemen NO DATA AVAILABLE Not available required Map 8: FMD distribution by serotype and topotype for East Africa (EUFMD) East Africa is known to be endemic for FMD, but current data are limited. Conjectured circulating FMDV lineages in pool 4 during : O/ME-SA/Sharqia-72 (detected in samples collected in Egypt in 2009) O (topotypes EA-2 (Kenya, Tanzania, DR Congo, Uganda), EA-3 (Ethiopia, Eritrea, Sudan, Egypt) and EA-4 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda). A/AFRICA (genotypes I (Kenya, Tanzania, D.R. Congo), IV (Sudan, Eritrea, Egypt) and VII (Ethiopia, Egypt)) A/ASIA/Iran-05 BAR-08 sub-lineage (Egypt) SAT 1 (topotypes I (Kenya, Tanzania) SAT 2 (topotypes IV (Kenya, Tanzania), VII (Sudan, Egypt), XIII (Ethiopia, Sudan)) SAT 3 (only detected in African buffalo in the south of the QENP, Uganda in 1970 & 1997) E. POOL 5 West / Central Africa Cameroon 1, 9 The WRLFMD confirmed the presence of FMDV serotype A in 9 samples and serotype SAT 2 in 4 samples respectively from a total of 46 bovine samples collected in Cameroon during LANAVET- Garoua employed kits provided by FAO to conduct serological testing. The Institute was also involved in outbreak investigations. LANAVET is collaborating on research activities with the Ohio state University and Plum Island Animal Disease Center USA and has an ongoing FAO project (MTF/034/STF). Nigeria 7 The National Veterinary Research Institute, Nigeria, detected FMDV serotype O in 4 field samples. 90 sera were analysed using SPCE and 67 resulted positive for SAT 2. The kits employed were provided by FAO. The Institute was also involved in outbreak investigations and in the provision of expert advice to Government services national/local authorities or other bodies. Twinning with OIE is continuing. Table 9: Summary of the history of FMD Pool 5, , for geographic distribution see Map 9 below. Country FMD history FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE in Last outbreak reported/serotype Benin A, O, SAT 1, SAT 2 Dec 2011/O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2 Burkina Faso O, A, SAT / not available Cameroon O, A, SAT /O, SAT 2; Apr2014/O, A, SAT 2, May 2014/SAT 1, Jun 2014 Comment (Genotyping would be useful for this region) Genotyping information required See Text 14

16 Cape Verde No data available Not available Central Afr. No data available Not available Rep. Chad 2011, A, SAT 1 Not available Congo D. R. 2011, 2012 O, A, SAT 1 Jun 2013/not typed Identification required Congo R. No data available Not available Cote D'Ívoire SAT 1, A, O, SAT Equatorial No data available Not available Guinea Gabon No data available Not available Gambia O, A, SAT /O Ghana O, A, SAT 1, SAT /not available Identification required Guinea Biss. No data available No data available Guinea No data available No data available Liberia A, SAT /2012, no precise data Mali O, A, SAT 1, SAT /2012, no precise data Mauritania No data available Not available Niger O, A, SAT 1, SAT /not available Identification required Nigeria O, A, SAT 1; SAT /SAT 1, SAT 2, July 2014/A, Aug 2014/O See text Sao Tome No data available Not available Principe Senegal O, A, SAT 1, SAT /O, A, SAT 1 Sierra Leone No data available Oct 1958 Togo O, SAT /O Map 9: FMD distribution by serotype and topotypes for West Africa, (EuFMD) Conjectured circulating FMDV lineages in pool 5 during : Serotype O (topotypes WA EA-3 ( Nigeria)) Serotype A (topotype AFRICA, genotypes IV and VI) Serotype SAT 1 Serotype SAT 2 (topotype VII) F. POOL 6 SOUTHERN AFRICA Mozambique 3 A FMD outbreak caused by serotype SAT 2 occurred on the 24 th of July, 2014 in cattle, in Moamba, MAPUTO. The outbreak occurred close to a game safari from where it was reported that in early July a population of African buffalos broke the game fence and came into contact with cattle in the affected areas. Residents report that these animals stayed for approximately two weeks in the livestock grazing areas and water points. The sanitary measures applied were quarantine, movement control inside the country, zoning, vaccination in response to the outbreak with4552 cattle immunised with a bivalent vaccine containing SAT 1 and 2. Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute (OVI) South Africa (OIE s Reference Laboratory) conducted the diagnosis, using liquid-phase blocking ELISA, Non- 15

17 structural protein ELISA, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and virus isolation. Location of outbreak is presented in Map 10. Map 10: Location of outbreaks (red dots) reported on the 24 th of July 2014 in Mozambique 10. Nambia 3 A FMD outbreak occurred on the 21 st of August 2014 in cattle in Kabbe, CAPRIVI. From a total of 247, 24 cattle presented excess salivation and oral lesions. Laboratory samples were collected and submitted to the Central Veterinary Laboratory (National laboratory). A non-structural protein ELISA yielded positive results, while serotyping is pending. Complete ban of all susceptible livestock/products and by-products movements were imposed within and into Caprivi. Surveillance teams were deployed for inspection and to establish the extent of the outbreak. The following control measures are being applied: zoning, disinfection of infected premises/establishment(s). Vaccination is to be applied in response to the outbreak (s). Source of outbreak is unknown or inconclusive. Location of outbreak is presented in Map 11. Map 11: Location of outbreak (red dot) reported on the 21 st of August 2014 in Namibia, (WAHID-OIE). 16

18 South Africa 11 ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute-Transboundary Animal Diseases Programme has conducted the diagnosis, as reported above, of the FMD outbreak in Mozambique on the 24 th of July. The laboratory also tested 25 viruses belonging to serotype SAT 2, collected from Southern Africa against 4 reference sera for SAT sera were examined using liquid phase blocking ELISAs for SAT 1, 2 and 3. ARC is involved in different FMD research activities and has collaborations that are led by Dr. Francois Maree, within the Global FMD Research Alliance. Table 10: Summary of the history of FMD Pool 6, , for geographic distribution see Map 12 below COUNTRY Angola FMD HISTORY FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE in NO REPORTED OUTBREAKS LAST OUTBREAK REPORTED/SEROTYPE Dec 2010/ SAT 2 Comment Follow up needed national Botswana SAT 1, SAT 2, SAT 3 Jun 2014/SAT 1 Congo D. R. O, A, SAT /2012, NO PRECISE Follow up needed DATA national Malawi SAT 2 Oct 2011 Mozambique SAT 2 Aug 2014/SAT 2 See Text Namibia SAT 1 Aug 2013/ NOT AVAILABLE Identification required South Africa SAT 1, SAT 2 Aug 2013/SAT 1; Mar2014 See Text SAT 2 Zambia SAT 1, SAT 2 Jan 2013/SAT 1, SAT 2 Zimbabwe SAT 1, SAT 3 Jun 2013/SAT 3, Jun 2014/SAT 1, Swaziland and Lesotho are free from FMD without vaccination. There is a zone in both Botswana and Namibia, which has been FMD free without vaccination, since 2010 and 1997 respectively. Map 12: FMD distribution by serotype and topotype for southern Africa, (EuFMD) Conjectured circulating FMDV lineages in pool 6 during : Serotype SAT 1 (topotypes I, II and III) Serotype SAT 2 (topotypes I, II and III) Serotype SAT 3 (topotypes I, II and III) G. POOL 7 South America South America 3 No new outbreaks have been reported for this period of time. Most South American countries are FMD free with vaccination (Uruguay) or without vaccination (Chile, Guyana) or with free zones with vaccination (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Peru) or without vaccination (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Peru). Small areas of the continent are considered as endemic but clinical cases are rare (Table 11 and Map 13). The FMD history between is given in Table

19 Table 11: Summary of the history of FMD Pool 7, , for geographic distribution see Map 13 below COUNTRY Ecuador Paraguay Venezuela FMD HISTORY FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE in LAST OUTBREAK REPORTED/SEROTYPE O Aug 2011/O O Dec 2011/O O, A 2011/O, A Comment National situation needs verification National situation needs verification Map 13: FMD distribution by serotype and topotype for South America, (EuFMD) IV. OTHER NEWS: China (People's Rep. of) 3 The FMD outbreak, due to serotype A that had occurred in a small pig farm in the province of JIANGSU on the 23 rd of June 2014 has been declared as resolved. Genotyping of the strain has not been reported. Egypt 12 The Director General of veterinary medicine in Damietta, announced 3 new outbreaks of FMD in the governorate Damietta (Dumyat). Control measures represented by vaccination are being applied. Confirmation of outbreaks is pending. Ethiopia 13 The National animal health diagnostic and investigation centre (NAHDIC), Ethiopia is participating to the proficiency test organized by the WRLFMD. Training Activities (14) As reported by Dr. Jenny Maud of the EUFMD team, veterinarians from Tunisia, Morocco, Kenya, Belgium and the Democratic Republic of Congo attended EuFMD s Real Time Training course in Nakuru, Kenya in the last week of August This was the second EuFMD Real Time Training course delivered in French (the first one was in 2009 in Turkey). This weeklong course gives participants, including lead national FMD trainers, the unique opportunity to carry out field diagnosis and investigation of an outbreak. Trainees examined affected animals, took diagnostic samples and interviewed the affected community in order to gain information about the epidemiology of the disease. A local area survey to identify risk factors for local disease spread was carried out. As a whole, the course also led to interesting and interactive discussions about FMD control strategies. 18

20 V. REFERENCES - Superscripts 1. World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease (WRLFMD), 2. Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease (PD-FMD), Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Mukteswar, India (Dr B. B. Dash) 3. WAHID Interface OIE World Animal Health Information Database 4. Progressive Control of Foot and Mouth Disease in Pakistan, GCP/PAK/123/USA - (Dr. Manzoor Hussain, National Project Director and Dr. Muhammad Afzal, Project Coordinator) 5. WELLNET Laboratory, Sap Institute, Turkey (Dr. Naci Bulut) 6. National FMD Reference Laboratory, Embakasi, Kenya (Dr. Abraham Sangula) 7. FMD Research Centre, Virology Research Department, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria (Dr. Ularamu Hussaini) 8. Regional Reference Laboratory for FMD (ARRIAH, Russia) - (Dr. Svetlana Fomina) 9. LANAVET-Garoua, Cameroon (Dr. Simon Dickmu Jumbo) 10. FAO EMPRES-AH, ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute-Transboundary Animal Diseases Programme (Dr. Rahana Dwarka) 12. ProMed, ( 13. National animal health diagnostic and investigation center (NAHDIC), Ethiopia (Dr. Daniel Gizaw) OIE/FAO FMD Reference Laboratory Network, Annual Report